委内瑞拉政府１月３１日正式发布石油币白皮书，宣布将从２月２０日起预售该国自行开发的加密数字货币石油币，揭开了这一备受市场瞩目的虚拟货币的面纱。
On 31 January, the Government of Venezuela officially released a white paper on petroleum currency, which announced that it would pre-sell, as of 20 February, the country's self-developed encrypted digital currency, thus unmasking the veil of a market-famous virtual currency.
石油币与比特币有什么不同？
What's the difference between "strong" and "bitcoin"?
根据白皮书，石油币总发行量为１亿个。与比特币不同，石油币无需通过耗费计算机算力和大量的电力进行“挖矿”，所有石油币都是被预先创建并由委政府发行和直接出售的，与股票在一级市场公开发行类似。
According to the White Paper, the total circulation of oil coins is 100 million. Unlike Bitcoin, oil coins do not have to be “mining” by consuming computer numeracy and large amounts of electricity, and all oil coins are pre-created and issued and sold directly by the government, similar to the public distribution of stocks in the primary market.
石油币的发行参考价格为６０美元。２月２０日至３月１９日为预售阶段，将售出３８４０万个石油币，投资者将根据认购时间先后获得可观的折扣；３月２０日起，公开发行４４００万个石油币，折扣也会根据购买时间先后逐步减少；剩余１７６０万个石油币将由委政府设立的数字加密货币管理机构持有。４月起，石油币将在委国内和国际上的数字加密货币交易所进行二级市场交易。
The reference price for the issuance of petroleum currency is $60. From 20 February to 19 March, during the pre-sale phase, 38.4 million petroleum currency will be sold, with investors receiving significant discounts depending on the time of subscription; from 20 March, 44 million petroleum currency will be publicly released, and discounts will be gradually reduced depending on the time of purchase; the remaining 17.6 million oil currency will be held by the digital encrypted currency regulatory body established by the Government. Since April, the petroleum currency will be traded on a secondary market at the Commission’s digital encrypted currency exchange, both domestically and internationally.
委内瑞拉政府今后不会发行更多石油币，但石油币网络拥有“权益证明”功能。该功能可使用户在持有石油币一段时间后获得额外的石油币奖励，类似银行利息，石油币总量也会在未来按照“利率”自然缓慢增加。这个功能初始是关闭的，但可以由委政府数字加密货币管理机构主动发起是否开启该功能的投票，并由全体石油币持有者投票决定。
The Venezuelan government will not issue any more oil coins in the future, but the oil currency network has a “certificate of interest” function. This function allows users to get additional incentives for oil coins after a certain period of time, similar to bank interest, and the total amount of oil coins will increase naturally in the future in accordance with the “interest rate.”
石油币能不能换石油？
Can't you exchange oil for oil?
委内瑞拉总统马杜罗去年１２月宣布将发行石油币，以奥里诺科重油带阿亚库乔区块１号油田的５０亿桶石油储量作为发行石油币的物质基础，每个石油币与１桶石油等价。
The Venezuelan President, Maduro, announced last December that he would issue petroleum coins at the same price as a barrel of oil in the 5 billion barrels of oil reserves in the Ayacucho block 1 in the Orinoco oil belt.
但根据白皮书，石油币不能直接兑换石油。不过，委内瑞拉政府承诺，接受石油币作为个人或机构缴纳税费和购买公共服务的支付方式。石油币与委本币玻利瓦尔的汇率将由官方授权的虚拟货币交易所每日公布。
However, the Venezuelan government is committed to accepting the currency as a form of payment of taxes and public services by individuals or institutions. The exchange rate between the currency and the Commission’s Bolívar currency will be published on a daily basis by the officially authorized virtual currency exchange.
石油币网络将如何运作？
How will the oil currency network function?
由于石油币使用以太坊ＥＲＣ２０标准，因此理论上可以立即兼容以太坊钱包和交易所，这意味着石油币可以在虚拟货币交易所轻松实现与其他拥有相同标准的数字加密货币之间的交易。
The use of the ETA ERC20 standard for petroleum currency makes it theoretically immediately compatible with ETA wallets and exchanges, meaning that oil currency can easily be traded on a virtual currency exchange with other digitally encrypted currencies with the same standards.
委内瑞拉政府称，委国内的石油币用户将超过２０００万，这个数字大于目前世界上所有数字加密货币的用户总和。此外，委政府还将在国际上大力推广石油币的使用。马杜罗日前在美洲玻利瓦尔联盟第七次特别会议上呼吁该联盟所有国家使用石油币，以促进地区经济一体化。
In addition, the Venezuelan government will promote the use of petroleum currency internationally. At the seventh special session of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, Maduro recently called on all countries of the Union to use oil currency in order to promote regional economic integration.
据了解，石油币的发行收入中，１５％将投入科技研发，１５％将投入数字加密货币生态环境建设，１５％将投入石油币相关项目，其余５５％将进入国家主权基金。
It is understood that 15 per cent of the revenues from the issuance of petroleum currency will be invested in scientific and technological research and development, 15 per cent in the construction of a digitally encrypted monetary ecosystem, 15 per cent in projects related to petroleum currency, and the remaining 55 per cent in the State Sovereign Fund.
石油币将起到什么作用？
What will the oil coins do?
委内瑞拉政府多次表示，石油币是世界上第一个由主权国家发行并具有自然资源作为支撑的数字加密货币，具有跨境支付和国际融资功能，将帮助委内瑞拉渡过目前的经济困难，打破美国的金融封锁，推动国际金融秩序公平以及新兴经济体之间的交流。
The Government of Venezuela has repeatedly stated that the oil currency is the world's first digitally encrypted currency issued by sovereign States and supported by natural resources, with cross-border payments and international financing functions, which will help Venezuela overcome its current economic difficulties, break the financial blockade of the United States and promote a fair international financial order and exchanges among emerging economies.
近半年来，美国不断加码对委内瑞拉的经济制裁，包括禁止美国金融机构参与委内瑞拉政府和国有的委内瑞拉石油公司新的债务和股权交易，禁止美方机构参与委内瑞拉公共部门现已发行的部分债券交易等。
Over the past six months, the United States has continuously increased its economic sanctions against Venezuela, including a ban on United States financial institutions from participating in new debt and equity transactions between the Venezuelan Government and the State-owned Venezuelan oil company, and on United States agencies from participating in some of the bonds now issued by the Venezuelan public sector.
制裁导致委政府和委石油公司无法在国际公开市场发行新债券来减轻旧债务的偿还压力以及增加流动性。此外，与委政府相关的所有美元账户也受到极大限制，无法通过传统国际转账收到出口石油的货款，也不能汇出购买进口货物的款项。
The sanctions have prevented Governments and oil companies from issuing new bonds on the open international market to ease the pressure on repayment of old debt and increase liquidity. In addition, all dollar accounts related to the Commission’s Government have been severely restricted from receiving oil exports through traditional international transfers and from remitting funds for the purchase of imported goods.
因此，目前面临巨大经济困难的委政府决定发行石油币来打破美国的金融封锁。但美国日前已表示，石油币是委政府债券的延伸，依然属于制裁范畴。这将对石油币的国际流通产生负面影响。
As a result, the Commission’s government, which is currently facing enormous economic difficulties, has decided to issue oil coins to break the United States financial blockade. But the US has recently stated that oil coins are an extension of the Commission’s bonds and are still subject to sanctions.
此外，由于石油币并非如市场预期的那样可以兑换石油，这也可能打击国际投资者的积极性。
Moreover, since oil currencies are not exchangeable as expected by the market, this may also discourage international investors.
总体来说，石油币若顺利发行，可以在短期内增加委政府的外汇流动性并部分实现跨境支付功能，但是否能被国际投资者接受成为主流虚拟货币以及能否抑制玻利瓦尔的贬值趋势仍需观察。
Overall, the successful issuance of petroleum currency could increase the foreign exchange liquidity of the Government in the short term and partially achieve a cross-border payment function, but it remains to be seen whether it can be accepted by international investors as a mainstream virtual currency and whether it can contain the trend towards devaluation in Bolívar.
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