存证证明这是一件很简单的事情，提供票据、通信记录之类的就可以办到，但这些并不严格，因为这些证据都是非常容易被伪造和销毁的。要完成证明，必须依赖强有力的证据链，这个必须是任何人都无法伪造和销毁的，或者说伪造成本是极其高昂近乎不可能。
Documenting proves that this is a simple matter and that the provision of papers, communications records, etc. is possible, but these are not strict, as these evidence is very easy to forge and destroy. To complete the proof, it must rely on a strong evidence chain that no one can falsify and destroy, or that the cost of forgery is extremely high or impossible.
01.为什么区块链是好的存证工具
Why is the block chain a good recorder?
区块链所建立的是一种去中心化的共识机制，这种共识机制结合了数字加密和博弈论，使得参与者无须任何外部强制约束的情况下即自行形成了相互牵制的可信环境。这种可信的环境去除了中心化授权外部的管制的必要性，甚至恰恰建立在互不信任的基础之上，于是这种去中心化、去信任的区块链架构所解决的正是这个充满虚拟与匿名的网络世界的信用与治理问题。
The block chain is a decentralised consensus mechanism that combines digital encryption and game theory, allowing participants to create a credible environment of mutual restraint without any external constraints. This credible environment de-centralizes the need for external controls, even on the basis of mutual distrust, so that the de-centralized, de-trusted chain structure addresses the credibility and governance problems of a virtual and anonymous networked world.
存证证明这是一件很简单的事情，提供票据、通信记录之类的就可以办到，但这些并不严格，因为这些证据都是非常容易被伪造和销毁的。要完成证明，必须依赖强有力的证据链，这个必须是任何人都无法伪造和销毁的，或者说伪造成本是极其高昂近乎不可能。
Documenting proves that this is a simple matter and that the provision of papers, communications records, etc. is possible, but these are not strict, as these evidence is very easy to forge and destroy. To complete the proof, it must rely on a strong evidence chain that no one can falsify and destroy, or that the cost of forgery is extremely high or impossible.
区块链技术是从比特币系统提炼出来的，具有强大的自保护能力的技术，与其说它是一项技术创新，不如确切的说它是一项规则与技术完美结合的生态系统创新。
Block chain technology is derived from the Bitcoin system and has a strong self-protection capability. Rather than a technological innovation, it is precisely an ecosystem innovation with a perfect combination of rules and technology.
02.怎么做存证?
How do we document this?
区块链进行存证的本质在于区块链特殊的存储方式,用比特币举例,每一笔交易以UTXO记录，UTXO相当于记录流水的方式，而不是记录余额。记录中必须包含持有人的签名并被网络证明没有双花，同时会记录接收人的地址，而且这笔记录将被打上时间戳记录在区块中。这样确保了每一笔交易都能找到他的上一笔交易，这样保证了在没有第三方参与的情况下，交易是唯一的和不可篡改的。利用这个特性大家创造性的用来解决数据存证的问题。
The essence of the chain of blocks is that it is uniquely stored in the chain of blocks, for example, by bitcoin, where each transaction is recorded in UTXO and UTXO is equivalent to a recorded stream of water, rather than a recorded balance. The record must contain the signature of the holder and be shown by the network that there are no double flowers, while the address of the recipient is recorded and the record will be time stamped on the block. This ensures that each transaction will find his previous transaction, thus ensuring that the transaction is unique and unalterable without the involvement of a third party.
基于比特币的存证很好的利用了比特币网络的强大算力以增强公信力。但是大家都知道比特币每一个区块的容量十分有限，如何将庞大复杂的数据存入比特币的网络中呢?中本聪在比特币中使用了默克尔树的方式对交易的验证进行简化，基本原理是将单条交易Hash,再将两条交易的Hash组合后在进行Hash，经过几次同样的过程后形成一个根Hash,存于区块头中。这样，任何树上任何一笔交易被更改，都会造成根的不同。做数据的存证时，采用同样的方式，将文件Hash以默克尔树的形式组织，最后将根Hash写入比特币的一个可以提供80字节空间的OP_Return这个区域中。相当于将数据存证于一笔不可篡改的交易中，从而完成了存证的过程。这个过程我们称为锚定，其实是将存证链条锚定到了比特币上。
Bitcoin-based certificates make good use of Bitcoin’s powerful calculations to enhance credibility. But everyone knows that Bitcoin has a very limited capacity for each block, and how to deposit large and complex data into Bitcoin’s network. The rationale is to simplify the authentication of transactions by using Merkel trees in Bitcoin. The rationale is to combine one single transaction, Hash, and then Hash, which combines two transactions, into Hash, which, after the same process, forms a Hash, which, after several times, is stored in a block. In this way, any transaction on a tree that has been altered will create a difference in roots. In the same way that data is stored, Hash is organized in the form of a Merkel Tree, and eventually in an area in which Bitcoin provides 80-bit space.
03.Op_return的其他应用
Other applications of Op_return
利用Op_return这个区域还可以被用于发行基于比特币的其他资产，如彩色币……
Use of the Op_return area could also be used to issue other Bitcoin-based assets, such as colour currency...
2015年以后利用Op_return区域相关的交易持续上升，说明这一区域正在被大规模开发利用。
The continued increase in the use of the Op_return region beyond 2015 indicates that the region is being exploited on a large scale.
04.企业级的存证解决方案
Certificated solutions at the enterprise level
上面介绍了存证功的原理。而存证的复杂应用意味着我们需要一个企业级的存证，这个存证应该有如下特征：当锚定的交易被取消，仍然能再次进行锚定;存证的数据的原始关系必须被记录和保留，原始数据的版本能够保留;数据能够便捷的检索;交易的吞吐量和速度达到要求;能控进行隐私和权限控制。
It describes the principles of proof. And the complex application of proof means that we need a firm-level record, which should have the following characteristics: when an anchored transaction is cancelled, it can still be moored again; the original relationship of the recorded data must be recorded and retained and the original data version retained; the data can be easily retrieved; the volume and speed of the transaction is as high as required; and privacy and rights control can be controlled.
网录的存证系统在产品的初步架构上，延续了我们在Factom的部分思路：支持多种文件存储，提供存证及分布式存储两种路径，便于源文件的保留和比对。结构化数据可以直接写入区块中，进行真正意义上的数据比对。在区块链上层构建强大的查询引擎用于存证数据的复杂快速检索。
In the initial structure of the product, the record-keeping system continues some of our thinking in Factom: supporting multiple document storage, providing both storage and distributed storage paths to facilitate the retention and matching of source files. Structured data can be written directly into blocks for real data matching. A powerful search engine is built up in the upper layers of the block chain for complex quick retrieval of recorded data.
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