今年四川芦山地震后出现了一项特殊的捐款，一个匿名用户将233个名为“比特币”的特殊货币当作捐款汇入了壹基金的账户，折合人民币近22万元（实时兑换比率）。那么什么是比特币？它从哪里来？又能做什么？下面我们就来关注一下这个神秘的货币。
In the wake of the Sichuan earthquake this year, a special donation was made by an anonymous user who transferred 233 special currencies called “bitcoin” into the accounts of a fund, which was equivalent to nearly $220,000 (real-time exchange rate). So what is bitcoin? Where does it come from? What can it do?
什么是比特币
What's a bitcoin?
比特币是一种点对点（P2P）形式的虚拟货币，也有人将其译为“比特金”。比特币不依靠特定货币机构发行，它通过特定算法的大量计算产生，并使用遍布整个P2P网络中众多节点构成的分布式数据库来确认并记录所有的交易行为。本质上，你的比特币以数字形式存储在数据库中，系统将数字从一个账户转移到另一个账户来实现资金的转移。比特币是第一种分布式的虚拟货币，整个网络由用户构成，没有中央银行，去中心化是比特币安全与自由的保证。
Bitcoin is a virtual currency in the form of a point-to-point (P2P) currency, which is also translated as “bitkin”. Bitcoin is not issued by a specific monetary institution, is generated by a large number of calculations based on a particular algorithm, and uses a distributed database consisting of numerous nodes throughout the P2P network to identify and record all transactions. In essence, your bitcoin is stored in a digital database, where the system transfers numbers from one account to another. Bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency, the entire network is made up of users, without central banks, and decentralization is a guarantee of Bitcoin security and freedom.
比特币可以兑换成大多数国家的货币。使用者可以用比特币购买一些虚拟物品，比如网络游戏当中的衣服、帽子、装备等，只要有人接受，也可以使用比特币购买现实生活中的物品。
Bitcoins can be converted into the currencies of most countries. Users can buy virtual items, such as clothes, hats, equipment in network games, and, if accepted, bitcoins for real-life items.
基于密码学的设计可以使比特币只能被真实的拥有者转移或支付。比特币通过互联网而不是通过银行或者票据交易所交易，这就意味着他们之间的交易具有更低的交易费用，并且确保了货币所有权与流通交易的匿名性。
The cryptography-based design allows Bitcoins to be transferred or paid only by their true owners. Bitcoins are traded over the Internet, not through banks or instruments exchanges, which means that transactions between them have lower transaction costs and ensure the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions.
比特币与其他虚拟货币最大的不同是其总数量非常有限，具有极强的稀缺性。该货币系统的总数量将被永久限制在2100万个之内。
The biggest difference between bitcoins and other virtual currencies is that their total number is very limited and extremely scarce. The total number of money systems will be permanently limited to 21 million.
比特币的来源
Origin of Bitcoin
比特币的概念最初由一个自称中本聪的人提出。2008年11月，中本聪在一个隐秘的密码学评论组上贴出了一篇研讨陈述，论述了他对电子货币的新设想。2009年初中本聪了一款使用该设想交换比特币的软件，这款软件被很简单的命名为BitCoin。通过该软件可以自行生成、支付、收取比特币。
In November 2008, Nakamoto posted a discussion statement on his new vision of electronic currency in a secret cryptography review group. In early 2009, Bin Hsien was informed of a software that used the idea to exchange bitcoin, which was simply named BitCoin.
比特币的产生和黄金的产生有些相似。黄金需要通过开采金矿生产，比特币则需要经过若干计算完成特定数学问题而产生。比特币系统不断地给玩家 （确切地说是他们的计算机） 提供 “数学题”， 谁先做出就可获得一定数量的比特币 （相当于是发行了这一数量的货币），这就是比特币的产生过程。这个过程很像掘金者挖掘金矿，因此有人把比特币的产生形象地称为“挖矿”。任何人只要在互联网上运行一个免费的“挖矿”软件就可以产生比特币，这些人被称为“比特币矿工”。
The production of bitcoin is somewhat similar to the production of gold. Gold needs to be produced through gold mining, and bitcoin requires a number of calculations to complete certain mathematical problems. Bitcoin provides the player (and, indeed, their computer) with “mathematical questions”, and whoever makes it first gets a certain amount of bitcoin (equivalent to the amount of money issued), which is what Bitcoin is created. This process is similar to gold diggers, so some people call the creation of bitcoin “mining”. Anyone who runs a free “mining” software on the Internet can produce bitcoins, which they call “bitcoin miners”.
比特币的流通
The circulation of bitcoin.
从2010年比特币与实体商品实现兑换开
Exchange of Bitcoin with real goods from 2010
始，从专营数字产品的网站，到经营红酒的厂商，从餐厅到电话公司，越来越多来自不同国家的商家开始接纳比特币。比特币的每笔交易既透明，又匿名，也就是说，每一个拥有网络客户端的人都可以查到全世界所有即时产生的比特币交易，但是却无法得知这笔交易来自哪里，去向哪里，有什么用途。
First, from the website dedicated to digital products, to the company that runs the wine industry, from restaurants to telephone companies, more and more businesses from different countries have started to accept bitcoin. Each transaction in bitcoin is transparent and anonymous, meaning that every person with a network client has access to all instantaneous bitcoin transactions around the world, but it is impossible to know where the deal comes from, where it goes and what its use is.
虽然是看不见摸不着的虚拟货币，但是比特币已经变得不容忽视了。今年4月23日，壹基金宣布，已收到意向捐赠的比特币。这是比特币在中国第一次成为捐赠物。而在遥远的欧洲小国塞浦路斯，比特币也风光无限。今年以来，塞浦路斯政府对储户的银行存款征税。人们发现不受管制的虚拟货币比特币可以避税，也可以和美元等多种货币兑换，这减少了他们的财富流失。在塞浦路斯街头，甚至出现了比特币提款机，便于比特币的市场流通。
This is the first time that bitcoin has become a donation in China. In the far-off small European country of Cyprus, bitcoin has become an infinity.
比特币给人们带来财富
Bitcoin brings wealth to people.
有资料显示，在全球最大的“挖”比特币的网站上，名为“烤猫”的深圳的一家公司始终排在“挖矿”数量的第一名。根据公布的运算能力算来，这家仅有4个人的公司每天“挖”到比特币的数量十分惊人，一天能产生357个比特币。以6月17日比特币与人民币的兑换比率1：640来计算，357个比特币价值人民币228480。类似这样的公司，市面上举不胜举。除了这些“挖矿”公司外，很多个人用户每天也在不停地挖掘着比特币。
According to data, a company in Shenzhen, the world’s largest “digging” of bitcoin web site, is always ranked first in the number of diggers. According to published calculations, the number of “diggings” to bitcoins per day by only four companies is staggering, producing 357 bitcoins per day.
不仅是“挖矿”者，制造“挖矿”机的人也从中获得丰厚的利润。目前市面上已经出现了专为“挖矿”改进的计算机。使用这样的计算机“挖”比特币的运算速度远远超过了一般的计算机。“挖矿”计算机的价格一般在每台4万元左右。规模小的公司要几十台，规模大的公司一般需要上百台，这些计算机的总价值在几十万元到几百万元人民币。
Not only are the “mining” people, but the people who make the “mining” machines also get rich profits. There are now specially improved computers on the market for the “mining” of mines. Using such computers to “draw” bitcoins is much faster than average computers. The price of the “mining” computers is usually around $40,000 per computer.
比特币投资需谨慎
Bitcoin investment requires caution.
一项调查数据显示，2011年，一年内涨幅最高的货币是澳元，它兑换美元的涨幅是27%；然而同样的一年之内，比特币兑换美元，却是从0.5美元涨到了13美元，涨幅高达2600%。并且比特币丝毫没有放松大涨的势头，今年4月，比特币更是一路冲到了1比特币兑换266美元！
According to one survey, in 2011, the highest currency in a year was the Australian dollar, which rose 27% to the United States dollar; in the same year, however, Bitcoin increased from $0.5 to $13, up from 2600%. And Bitcoin did nothing to ease the momentum, and in April this year, Bitcoin hit $1bit to $266!
通过上面的数据可以显示出比特币增长速度之快是所有货币无法与其相比的。尽管比特币的核心开发人员一再明确强调比特币只是一个“实验性”的项目，并反复提示投资的风险，但显然没有浇灭投资者的热情。
The data above show that all currencies are growing faster than they are. Despite the fact that Bitcoin’s core developers have repeatedly and unequivocally emphasized that Bitcoin is a “experimental” project, and have repeatedly pointed to the risk of investment, it has apparently not disillusioned investors’ enthusiasm.
有些业内人士认为，比特币发展迅速的原因是，它是一种去中心化的货币。在比特币市场，每个人都可以成为发行者，都可以成为金融机构，也都可以任意买卖货币。在过去几年内，比特币的市值从最初每个5美分飙涨到最高时的266美元，但于峰值当日又暴跌至105美元，比特币的暴涨暴跌已经远远超出了它本身作为一种货币的功能。最重要的是2100万上限这个特征使得比特币成为了一个具有强烈投机属性的一个工具。
In the Bitcoin market, everyone can be issuers, financial institutions, and money can be bought and sold at will. Over the past few years, Bitcoin’s market value has skyrocketed from an initial five cents to a peak of $266, but on peak, it plunged to $105, and its sharp rise and fall has gone far beyond its function as a currency itself.
现在比特币价格这么高，它实际上也存在着一种投机泡沫。很多专家认为比特币极有可能是昙花一现。首先，它已经成为一个投机的标的；其次，缺乏金融体系给它支撑。如今，美国已经开始对比特币进行监管，对虚拟货币实行反洗钱法规。而在中国，针对虚拟货币的监管条例是文化部与商务部联合下发的《关于网络游戏虚拟货币交易管理工作的通知》。这样对比特币的膨胀和交易都有了合理的约束。
Today, the US has begun to regulate Bitcoin, applying anti-money-laundering legislation to virtual currency. In China, regulation of virtual currency is the Circular on the Management of Virtual Currency Transactions in Cyber Game, issued jointly by the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Commerce.
纵观比特币市场，它确实给投资者带来很大的利润空间，但也给投资者留下一个极大的投资风险。因为任何货币都不会只涨不跌。更何况，除了比特币以外，难道未来就不会出现相似的虚拟货币吗？通用虚拟货币越多，比特币的价值越接近于0。这种纯粹运算出来的数字符号的货币，没有任何资产支持，没有财务收支，没有现金储备，本身只是一个流通符号而已。投资者应该警惕，这个世界没有所谓安全的投资，所有的投资都是有风险的。
As far as the Bitcoin market is concerned, it does provide investors with a great margin of profit, but it also leaves investors with a great risk of investment. Because no currency will increase or fall. And, apart from Bitcoin, will there not be similar virtual currencies in the future? The more there are universal virtual currencies, the closer the value of Bitcoin is to zero.
相关链接
Links
比特币与传统货币的区别
The difference between bitcoins and traditional currencies
比特币不属于任何国家，没有发行机构；
Bitcoin does not belong to any country and has no issuer;
比特币交易可以完全匿名；
Bitcoin transactions can be completely anonymous;
比特币交易不会因机构或账户问题被冻结；
Bitcoin transactions are not frozen due to institutional or account problems;
由于比特币是一种虚拟货币，因此它不像传统货币那样容易跟踪；
Because Bitcoin is a virtual currency, it is not as easy to trace as traditional currencies;
比特币无需第三方监管；
Bitcoin is not subject to third-party supervision;
比特币流通不受地域限制，并且它是通过电脑或手机流通。
Bitcoin circulation is not geographically restricted, and it is through computers or mobile phones.
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