目录
叔块引用奖励（Uncle referencing rewards）
以太坊在以太坊主网络上运行，该网络可在TCP端囗30303上寻址，并运行一个名为 DΞVp2p 的协议。
Ether runs xff0c on the Etherme network; the network can locate 30303 on the TCP end and xff0c; and runs an agreement called DVp2p.
D ：DApp
Ξ ：以太坊标志
& #xff1a; with the Taiyo logo
以太坊交易是网络消息，其中包括发送者（send），接收者（receiver），值（value）和数据的有效载荷（payload）。
Etheria transactions are web-based messages xff0c; these include senders xff08; Send） xff0c; receivers xff08; receivers xff09; xff0c; values xff08; valuexuexff09; and data payloads xff08; Payload xff09;
以太坊状态转换由以太坊虚拟机（EVM）处理，这是一个执行字节码（机器语言指令）的基于堆栈的虚拟机。
Conversion in the Taiwan state by the Etheria virtual machine xff08; EVMxff09; processing xff0c; this is an executable byte code xff08; machine language instruction xff09; stack-based virtual machine.
以太坊的区块链作为数据库（通常是Google的LevelDB）存储在每个节点上，包含序列化后的交易 和系统状态。
Using the taepan block chain as database & #xff08; usually the Google LevelDB） stored on each node & #xff0c; contains sequenced transactions and system status.
LevelDB是非关系型数据库。
LevelDB is a non-relationship database.
以太坊有几种可供操作的客户软件实现，其中最突出的是Go-Ethereum（Geth）。
xff0c is achieved with several user software available for operation in Tai Pa; the most prominent of these are Go-Etheeum（ Geth）
包含地址，余额和随机数，以及可选的存储和代码对象。
Includes address & #xff0c; balance and random number & #xff0c; and optional storage and code objects.
普通账户（EOA）
普通账户的存储和代码均为空
General account storage and codes are empty.
合约账户（Contract）
合约账户包含存储和代码
Contract account contains storage and code
一般来说，这代表一个EOA或合约，它可以在区块链上接收或发送交易。更具体地说，它是ECDSA公钥的keccak散列的最右边的160位。
In general xff0c; this represents an EOA or a contract xff0c; it can receive or send a transaction on a block chain. More specifically xff0c; it is 160 places to the right of the Keccak haste of the ECDSA public key.
以太坊地址生成与比特币地址生成一样：私钥生成公钥，公钥生成地址
Generates the same #xff1a as the Bitcoin; Private Key Generation Public Key & #xff0c; Public Key Generation Address
可以发送以太币和信息
You can send Ethercords and messages.
向合约发送的交易可以调用合约代码，并以信息数据为函数参数
Transactions sent to the contract can call the contract code & #xff0c; using information data as a function parameter
向空用户发送信息，可以自动生成以信息为代码块的合约账户
Sending information to empty usersxff0c; automatically generating a contractual account with information as code block
以太坊用于执行智能合约的虚拟燃料。以太坊虚拟机使用核算机制来衡量gas的消耗量并限制计算资源的消耗。
It is a virtual fuel used to implement smart contracts.
以太坊的货币单位称为以太（ether），也可以表示为ETH或符号?Ξ 。
In the currency unit of the Tai Fu is called the Ether #xff08; otherwise #xff09; & #xff0c; or
ether被最小单位为wei，1ether =?
wei
the smallest unit of wei & #xff0c; 1other & #61;
wei
以太的值总是在以太坊内部表示为以wei表示的无符号整数值。
The value of the Tai is always expressed inside the Taiku as an unsigned integer value expressed in wei.
以太的各种单位都有一个使用国际单位制（SI）的科学名称和一个通用名称。?
There is one scientific name and one common name for each unit using an international unit system xff08; SIxff09; etc.
| 值（wei） | 指数 | 通用名称 | 国际单位（SI）名称 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | wei | wei |
| 1,000 | babbage | kilowei or femtoether | |
| 1,000,000 | lovelace | megawei or picoether | |
| 1,000,000,000 | shannon | gigawei or nanoether | |
| 1,000,000,000,000 | szabo | microether or micro | |
| 1,000,000,000,000,000 | finney | milliether or milli | |
| 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 | ether | ether | |
| 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 | grand | kiloether | |
| 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 | megaether |
挖矿前（Pre-mine, Genesis）
2014年7月到8月之间，为了众筹大约发行了7200万以太币。这些币有的时候被称为“矿前”。众筹阶段之后，以太币每年的产量基本稳定，被限制不超过7200万的25%，即不超过1800万。
Between July and August 2014 xff0c; approximately 72 million NTs were issued for public fund-raising. These are sometimes referred to as “premines”. After the crowd-raising phase xff0c; annual production of xff0c; 25% of 72 million xff0c; or 18 million.
挖矿产出（Mining）
区块奖励（block reward）
Block reward xff08; Block reward #xff09;
叔块奖励（uncle reward）
xff08; uncle reward）
叔块引用奖励（uncle referencing reward）
#xff08; uncle citing reward）
以太币产量未来的变化
以太坊出块机制从工作量证明（PoW）转换为权益证明（PoS）后，以太币的发行会有什么变化尚未有定论。权益证明机制将使用一个称为Casper的协议。在Casper协议下，以太币的发行率将大大低于目前的幽灵协议（GHOST）下的发行率。?
xff08; PoW） conversion to xff08; PoS） xff0c; post#xff0c; etc. The distribution of xff0c. An equity certificate will use an agreement called Casper. Under the Casper protocol xff0c; distribution in xff08; GHIST） below?
区块奖励（Block rewards）
每产生一个新区块就会有一笔固定的奖给矿工，初始是5个以太币，现在是2个以太币（拜占庭阶段由5ETH降至3ETH，君士坦丁阶段由3ETH降至2ETH）。
Each new block is created with a fixed prize for the miners xff0c; initially, five xff0c; now two xff08; now the Byzantine phase from 5ETH to 3ETHxff0c; and the Constantine phase from 3ETH to 2ETHxff09;
叔块奖励（Uncle rewards）
有些区块被挖得稍晚一些，因此不能作为主区块链的组成部分。比特币称这类区块为“孤块”，并且完全舍弃它们。但是以太坊称它们为“叔块”，并且在之后的区块中可以引用它们。如果叔块在之后的区块链中作为叔块被引用，每个叔块会为挖矿者产出区块奖励的7/8，这被称为叔块奖励。
Some blocks are dug up a little later xff0c; therefore, they cannot be part of the chain of main blocks. Bitcoin calls these blocks “single” & #xff0c; and abandons them completely. But they are called “troops” xff0c; and they can be cited in subsequent blocks. If uncles are cited as uncles in the chain of subsequent blocks xff0c; each uncle is given a 7/8xff0c incentive for diggers to produce blocks; this is called an incentive for uncles.
叔块引用奖励（Uncle referencing rewards）
矿工每引用一个叔块，可以得到区块奖励的1/32作为奖励（最多引用2个叔块）。
Miners cite one uncle & #xff0c; 1/32 for block incentives & #xff08; up to two uncles & #xff09;
这样的一套基于POW的奖励机制，被称为以太坊的“幽灵协议”。
Such a Pow-based incentive mechanism xff0c; known as the “Ghost Agreement” of the Etherms.
普通区块收入
固定奖励（挖矿奖励），每个普通区块都有
Fixed incentives xff08; mining incentives xff09;xff0c; available for every ordinary block
区块内包含所有程序的gas花费的总和
The sum of the gass costs that contains all the programs in the block
如果普通区块引用了叔块，每引用一个叔块可以得到固定奖励的1/32
If a common block quotes an uncle & #xff0c; 1/32 for each reference to an uncle
叔块收入
叔块收入只有一项，就是叔块奖励，计算公式为：
Only one xff0c is earned by the uncle xff0c; the formula is xff1a;
叔块奖励 = （叔块高度 + 8 - 引用叔块的区块高度） * 普通区块奖励 / 8
& #61; & #xff08; & #43; 8 - High & #xff09; * General block / 8
以太坊出块时间：设计为12秒，实际在14~15秒左右
#xff1a; designed to be 12 seconds #xff0c; actually around 14-15 seconds
快速确认会带来区块的高作废率，由此链的安全性也会降低
Rapid identification will result in a high waste rate of blocks #xff0c; thus, the safety of the chain will be reduced
“幽灵”协议：Greedy Heaviest Observed SubTree
#xff1a; Gready Heaviest Observed SubTree
计算工作量证明时，不仅包括当前区块的祖区块、父区块，还包含祖先区块的作废的后代区块（叔块），将他们进行综合考虑。
When calculating the workload certificate, xff0c; includes not only the ancestral blocks of the current blocks, xff0c; it also includes the defunct offspring of the ancestral blocks xff08; uncle xff09; xff0c; and they are considered together.
目前的协议要求下探到第七层（最早的简版设计是五层），也就是说，废区块只能以叔区块的身份被其父母的第二代至第七代后辈区块引用，而不是更远关系的后辈区块。
The current agreement requires that the seventh level of xff08 be detected; the first simple version of the design is five layers xff09; xff0c; xff0c; the scrap block can only be cited as an uncle block by its parents' second to seventh generation xff0c; rather than a distant descendant.
以太坊给以“叔区块”身份为新区块确认作出贡献的废区块7/8的奖励，把它们纳入计算的“侄子区块”将获得区块奖励的1/32，不过，交易费用不会奖励给叔区块。
xff0c; their inclusion in the calculation of the “neighbour block” will receive 1/32xff0c; however xff0c; transaction costs will not reward the uncle block.
?P2P网络把信息广播给全网覆盖99%的节点大约需要2s
♪ A P2P network that broadcasts information to 99% of the nodes on the net takes about 2s ♪
?引用叔块为了鼓励大家挖矿，解决分叉问题
♪ To encourage people to dig ♪ #xff0c; solve the fork problem ♪
1936年，英国数学家艾伦.图灵（Alan Turing）创建了一个计算机的数学模型，它由一个控制器、一个读写头和一根无限长的工作纸带组成。纸带起着存储的作用，被分成一个个的小方格（可以看成磁带）；读写头能够读取纸带上的信息，以及将运算结果写进纸带；控制器则负责根据程序对搜集到的信息进行处理。在每个时刻，机器头都在从当前纸带上读入一个方格的信息，然后结合自己的内部状态查找程序表，根据程序输出信息到纸带方格上，并转换自己的内部状态，然后进行移动纸带。
1936 xff0c; British mathematician Alan Turing & #xff08; Alan Turing #xff09; created a computer mathematical model xff0c; it consists of a controller, a reader, and an unlimited length of working paper tape. The paper belt functions as storage xff0c; it is divided into a small square xff08; it can be viewed as a tape xff09; xff1b; it can read and retrieve the information on a paper xff0c; and it can write the results into a paper band xff1b; the controller is responsible for processing the information collected according to the program. At every moment xff0c; the machine head is reading the information from the current paper xff0c; it is then searching the application sheet xff0c; output the information to the paper box xff0c; and then moving the tape xff0c;
如果一个系统可以模拟任何图灵机，它就被定义为“图灵完备”（Turing Complete）的。这种系统称为通用图灵机（UTM）。
If a system can simulate any Turing Machine & #xff0c; it is defined as “Turing Perfect” & #xff08; Turing Complete & #xff09; this system is known as the Universal Turing Machine & #xff08; UTM #xff09;
以太坊能够在以太坊虚拟机的状态机中执行存储程序，同时向内存读取和写入数据，使其成为图灵完备的系统，因此成为通用图灵机。考虑到有限存储器的限制，以太坊可以计算任何由任何图灵机计算的算法。
It can perform a storage program & #xff0c in the state machine of the Taiwan virtual machine; while reading and writing data & #xff0c to the memory; making it a complete system of Turing & #xff0c; thus becoming a universal wiring machine. Given the limitations of the limited storage device & #xff0c; and calculating any algorithm calculated by any Turing machine, the Tairy can calculate.
简单来说，以太坊中支持循环语句，理论上可以运行“无限循环”程序。
In simple terms & #xff0c; supports circular statements & #xff0c in the courthouse; theoretically runs an “infinite cycle” program.
以太坊钱包是进入以太系统的门户。它包含了私钥，可以创建和广播交易。
Ether's wallet is the portal to the Ether system. It contains private keys & #xff0c; it can create and broadcast transactions.
MetaMask：一个浏览器扩展钱包，可在浏览器中运行。
MetaMask： a browser extended wallet@#xff0c; can be run in a browser.
Jaxx：一款多平台、多币种的钱包，可在各种操作系统上运行，包括Android、IOS、Windows、Mac和Linux。
Jaxx： multi-platform, multi-currency wallet xff0c; running xff0c on various operating systems; including Android, IOS, Windows, Mac and Linux.
MyEtherWallet（MEW）：一个基于web的钱包，可以在任何浏览器中运行。
MyEther Wallet（ MEW） xff1a; a web-based wallet xff0c; can run in any browser.
Emerald Wallet：旨在与ETC配合使用，但与其他基于以太坊的区块链兼容。
Emerald Wallet： intended to use xff0c in conjunction with ETC; but compatible with other Ether-based block chains.
以太坊的私钥实际上是一个256位的随机数，用于发送以太的交易中创建签名来证明自己对资金的所有权。
It is actually a 256-digit random number & #xff0c; it is used to create a signature in the transaction to prove ownership of the funds.
公钥是私钥通过椭圆曲线加密secp256k1算法单向生成的512位数。
The public key is the 512-digit number that the private key encrypts via an elliptical secp256k1 single-directional.
地址是由公钥的Keccak-256单向哈希，取最后20个字节（160位）派生出来的标识符。
The address is Keccak-256 single-way Hashi #xff0c with the public key; the last 20 bytes xff08; 160 xff09; derived identifiers.
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