“6·18”购物节刚落下帷幕，快递即将迎来高峰。在鲸仓一物流仓库内，42台货箱“蜘蛛人”在9米高的货架间隙里穿梭，AI是它们的大脑，工作任务就是“取箱子”。一旦接到下单指令，这些蜘蛛人会在毫秒之间精准定位到存放商品的箱子位置，并快速把它转运到拣货台，整个过程仅需两分钟。
The 6-18 shopping festival is just down, and the express delivery is about to peak. In a wharf 1 logistics warehouse, 42 containers of Spider-Man, whose brain AI is working on the 9 metre gap, are going to take the box. Once they get the next order, the spiders are precisely positioned in milliseconds at the location of the container where the goods are stored and quickly trans-shipped to the pick-up counter, which takes only two minutes.
和往年不同的是，这些蜘蛛人业内首次实现了“上链”，所有的运行数据加密流转在区块链网络上，为仓储物流产业的规模化发展和可信协作打下了基础。
Unlike in previous years, for the first time in the spider industry, a “uplink” has been achieved, and all the operational data encryption flows have been transferred to the block chain network, laying the foundation for the development of the scalability of the warehousing logistics industry and for credible collaboration.
经历了比特币的大涨大跌和NFT（Non-Fungible Token，非同质化代币）的一时风光，国产区块链抓住实体经济数字化转型的机遇，打通自身技术“孤岛”的同时，在金融、物流、减碳等领域闯出一条产业化道路。
After a period of sharp rise and fall in bitcoins and NFTs (Non-Fungible Token, non-consistency tokens), the chain of national production seized the opportunity of a digital transformation of the real economy and opened up an industrial path in areas such as finance, logistics, carbon reduction, etc.
打破“孤岛”
近日，《区块链和分布式记账技术参考架构》国家标准正式发布，将于今年12月1日实施，这也是我国首个获批发布的区块链技术领域国家标准。
In recent days, the National Standard on the Technical Reference Framework for Block Chains and Distributed Accounting has been officially published and will be implemented on 1 December this year, as the first approved national standard in the technical area of the block chain.
“区块链在国内并不是新鲜事，但各方对区块链定义也不尽相同，以及分布式记账技术、人工智能合约等概基础概念也略有不同，业界共识也就难以形成。”IEEE（电气电子工程师学会）计算机协会区块链和分布式记账标准化委员会主席李鸣告诉记者，在制定国标过程中，团队尽可能广泛征求各方意见，前往北京、上海、广东、四川以及江西等地召开会议，通过一年多的征求意见形成了标准的文本，这也是达成共识的过程。
“The blocks chain is not new in the country, but the definitions of the blocks chain vary from one party to another, as well as the general underlying concepts of distributed bookkeeping techniques and artificial intelligence contracts, which make it difficult for the industry to reach a consensus.” IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) Chairman of the Committee for Standardization of Block Chains and Distributed Accounts of the Computer Society, Li Ming, told journalists that, in the process of developing the national tenders, the team had sought as wide a range of views as possible, had met in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Sichuan and Jiangxi, and had developed a standard text through more than a year of consultations, which was also a process of consensus-building.
根据国标意见，区块链是分布式网络、加密技术、智能合约等多种技术集成的新型数据库软件，目前，该国标已在上百家典型区块链企业中得到应用。
According to the national logo, the block chain is a new database software integrated by a variety of technologies, such as distributed networks, encryption technologies and smart contracts, and it is currently being applied to hundreds of typical block chain enterprises.
在行业早期，由于技术先行，标准滞后，不同区块链系统在通信协议、身份管理等方面技术路线不尽相同。随着区块链的业务形式日益复杂、应用场景不断丰富，诞生了越来越多的区块链项目和链上应用。不过，由于链与链之间大多都是相互独立的，形成了无数“孤岛”。《区块链白皮书(2022年)》显示，截至2022年9月，全球共有区块链相关企业6914家。因各家企业技术差异，各条链之间形成一个个信息孤岛，客观上不利于互联互通，影响各机构间的高效协作。
In the early years of the industry, technological advances, standards lag behind, and the technical routes of the different block chain systems vary in terms of communication protocols, identity management, etc. As the sector chain becomes more complex in its business form and its applications enrich, more and more block chain projects and chain applications are born. However, as most of the chain and chain are independent, numerous “silos” are formed. As the White Paper on the sector chain (2022) shows, as of September 2022, there were 6914 enterprises associated with the global block chain.
当下，跨链互通的需求愈加迫切。区块链从“局域网”到“互联网”的关键，就在于不同区块链系统之间需要“语言相通”。跨链之后，各条链从孤岛成为互联和开放的生态系统。跨链技术可以实现不同区块链系统之间的信息安全可信交互，实现数据互通与价值流动，打通“语言”的边界，是区块链生态繁荣的技术基础。
The key to the chain from “local area network” to “Internet” is the need for “verbal connection” between the different chain systems. After that, the chains become interconnected and open ecosystems from the islands.
“国家标准的出台只是第一步，有了国家标准，各企业之间才能更有效地跨链。”李鸣表示，跨链标准约定了统一的通讯协议，就像是让以往用不同方言的人们开始说普通话，将极大降低互通成本。
“The introduction of national standards is only the first step, and with national standards, firms can cross the chain more effectively.” Li Ying states that cross-chain standards provide for a unified communication agreement, as if people who used to speak Mandarin in different dialects would significantly reduce the cost of communication.
“从现在来看，国内区块链的发展已经有了三大趋势：平台化、组件化、集成化。”李鸣告诉记者，目前各地都有自己的区块链服务，比如长安链、蜀信链和海河链等，这些区块链都已形成平台，相关企业无需搭建底层系统，可在现有平台上开发应用，降低开发成本。同时，区块链的关键技术可以单独封装，比如智能合约、数字签名等可形成独立产品，随着区块链产业进一步细分，独立封装的组件可以提高系统灵活度。
“There are now three main trends in the development of the domestic block chain: platforming, assembly, integration.” Li Jin told reporters that there are currently their own block chain services everywhere, such as the long-single chain, the chain of letters and the chain of rivers, which have formed platforms, and that firms do not need to build bottom systems to develop applications on existing platforms and reduce development costs. At the same time, the key technologies of the block chain can form separate products, such as smart contracts, digital signatures, etc., and as the sector chain industry is further broken down, the independently sealed components can increase the flexibility of the system.
他还表示，与人工智能等新一代信息技术相同，区块链也是面向数据的技术，与其他技术的集成是必然趋势，比如隐私计算、物联网等与区块链已深度关联。如今大火的GPT需要消耗大量算力，通过分布式计算提供算力支撑或许是解决之道。此外，能源链、金融链、版权链等不同区块链系统之间的数据交互诉求，不仅要求跨链能力，也要求区块链的分布式和传统中心化系统集成共存。
He also said that, like the new generation of information technologies, such as artificial intelligence, block chains are data-oriented technologies and integration with other technologies is an inevitable trend, such as privacy computing, object networking, etc., is deeply linked to block chains. Today, the fire’s GPS needs to consume a great deal of arithmetic, perhaps supported by distributed calculations. Moreover, data interactions between different sector chain systems, such as the energy chain, the financial chain, the copyright chain, require not only cross-chain capabilities, but also the distributional and traditional centralization of the block chain.
夯实底座
数年前，区块链几乎与虚拟货币画等号，比特币、以太币等层出不穷，“挖矿”成了行业热词，甚至一度炒高了处理器价格。伴随着元宇宙概念的兴起，NFT数字藏品再度引发市场狂热，一个无聊猿NFT在2021年甚至卖出数百万元……
A few years ago, the block chain was almost identical to a virtual currency painting, with bitcoin, ethaco, etc., the word “mining” became a hot word for industry, and at one point the price of the processor went up. With the rise of the meta-cosmos concept, the NFT digital collection rekindled market fanaticism, and a boring ape NFT sold millions of dollars in 2021.
同一年，中国NFT行业开始走向繁荣，蚂蚁集团推出NFT平台鲸探，腾讯、百度、哔哩哔哩等互联网大厂几乎都赶上了这一波浪潮。有媒体预测，最高峰时期，仅鲸探和腾讯旗下NFT平台幻核两个平台，每日吸引近百万用户，徐悲鸿数字墨马藏品，1分钟卖出368万元。
In the same year, China’s NFT industry began to prosper, with the ants group launching the NFT platform, and the major Internet plants, tweaking, 100 degrees, and beeping, almost all catching up with the wave. With media forecasts, at its peak, two platforms, the NFT platform, under the flag of whaling and tweaking, attracted nearly a million users every day, Xu Ying-hong’s digital ink and horse collection, selling $3.68 million a minute.
遗憾的是，NFT行业的风口并未持续太久。去年8月16日，刚满一岁的幻核宣布正式停售数字藏品，不久前直接宣布将于今年6月30日24时彻底下线。腾讯方面此的解释很直接：“目前国内尚未出台数字藏品相关的明确法律法规和政策文件，数字藏品作为新兴领域，无论是行业风险，还是监管风险，都面临着较大的不确定性与风险性。”
Unfortunately, the NFT industry did not last too long. On August 16, the first-year-old Mirage announced an official suspension of the digital collection, which was recently announced to be offline at 2400 hours on 30 June. The explanation is very direct: “There are no clear laws, regulations and policy documents in place for the digital collection, and the digital collection as an emerging area, be it industry risk or regulatory risk, is subject to greater uncertainty and risk.”
相比之下，虚拟货币和NFT的技术底座区块链却在暗自生长，在不断迭代的同时，应用场景也在不断拓展。新国标将区块链认定为新一代信息技术的重要组成部分，是发展数字经济的重要技术支撑。
By contrast, the virtual currency and the NFT technology base chain are growing hidden, while the application landscape continues to grow. The new logo identifies the block chain as an important component of the new generation of information technology, which is an important technology support for the development of the digital economy.
上文中提到的鲸仓“蜘蛛人”智能立体仓储系统便是区块链赋能产业的例证之一。鲸仓创始人李林子介绍，6000平方米的仓库里存放40多个品牌超250万件商品，存储量是传统仓库的6倍，仓库空间利用率从10%提高到了85%，效率也提升了3倍。为更好高效协同，鲸仓采用区块链和物联网技术，实现了蜘蛛拣选系统的运行信息、订单和资金交易信息加密上链，多方共同看一个可信账本。由于这些数据真实可信且丰满，鲸仓可以从产业资本那里用更低的成本租赁仓库和设备，实现轻资产运营。
One example of a block chain-enabling industry is the “spider man” smart silo system mentioned above. Lee Linko, founder of the wharf, described the storage of over 2.5 million items in more than 40 brands in 6,000 square metres of storage, six times as much as in traditional warehouses, and the utilization of warehouse space from 10% to 85%, with a threefold increase in efficiency. To achieve better efficiency and synergy, the wharf, using block and object-networking techniques, has secured a chain of operational information, orders, and financial transactional information on spider sorting systems, and has shared a credible book. As a result of the authenticity and abundance of these data, the whaling can lease warehouses and equipment from industrial capital at lower cost to light asset operations.
在资本市场上，区块链的介入还能减少信贷风险，为创新企业提供融资保障。能源服务商汇电云联在国内外参与多个储能电站项目的建设，但全球储能行业发展所面临的安全风险、质保周期风险、性能不确定性、收入不确定性等痛点，导致电站业主方的需求和设备供应商的服务体系之间出现了较大的风险敞口和融资难等问题。为此，汇电云联与蚂蚁链合作建立以材料、部件、系统、场景和残值的全周期数据、算法和数字科技服务体系，让储能项目的数据可信、风险可见可量化、价值可评估，实现储能系统与项目全生命周期的资产评估、资产管理、资产运营等数据源头“上链”，最终吸引了一村资本提供金融解决方案和资金支持。
In capital markets, block-chain interventions also reduce credit risks and provide financing guarantees for innovative enterprises. Energy service providers are involved in the construction of multiple storage power station projects, both domestically and abroad, but the safety risks, quality cycle risks, performance uncertainties, and income uncertainty in the development of the global storage industry have led to greater risk exposures and financing difficulties between the needs of power plant owners and the service systems of equipment providers. To this end, the Federation works with the ant chain to establish a system of full-cycle data, algorithms and digital science services for materials, components, systems, scenes and residuals, allowing storage project data to be credible, risk visible and quantifiable, value assessable, and achieve storage systems and data source “uplinks” for asset assessment, asset management, asset operations, etc. throughout the life cycle of the project, ultimately attracting a village capital to provide financial solutions and financial support.
区块链在预防电信网络诈骗等民生方面也早有实践。蚂蚁链协助创建的全国首个基于区块链技术的“反诈联盟链”，通过链上数据协同公安、人行、运营商等解决风险信息共享难题，在一年内处理预警数据240多万条，保护受害人资金账户1380次，拦截被骗资金1340万，安全共享黑灰数据达千万条。这一实践也被纳入工信部“2022年区块链典型应用案例”中。
The ants' chain helped to create the country’s first block-based “anti-fraud union chain” technology, addressing risk-sharing challenges by working with public security, pedestrians, operators, etc. through data on the chain, processing over 2.4 million early warning data, protecting the victims’ funds account 1380 times in one year, intercepting the stolen funds 13.4 million, and safely sharing the black ash data of tens of millions. This practice was also included in the Ministry of Trade and Communications’s “Factual Application of the 2022 Block Chains” case.
上海机遇
据知名调研机构IDC报告，预计2024年全球区块链市场将达189.5亿美元，中国市场规模有望突破25亿美元，市场规模有望保持全球第二。面对这一百亿级大市场，无论是国标制定过程以及NFT等产业落地方面，上海早已率先布局。《2021年中国城市区块链综合指数报告》显示，上海区块链综合指数位列全国第二，全国具有投入产出的区块链企业近1400家，上海约占1/4。在参与起草区块链国家标准的单位中，也有蚂蚁区块链、链极智能科技、复旦大学、上海计算机软件技术开发中心等上海身影。
According to the well-known research agency IDC, the global market for block chains is expected to reach $18.95 billion in 2024, and China is expected to reach $2.5 billion. The market is expected to remain the second largest in the world.
当下，国内明令禁止比特币等虚拟货币的投机炒作，但NFT数字藏品等交易已在探索阶段。早在去年7月，上海明确支持探索NFT交易平台建设，研究推动NFT等资产数字化、数字IP全球化流通、数字确权保护等相关业态在上海先行先试，这一表态在其他地区政府文件中较为罕见，甚至早于香港的《有关香港虚拟资产发展的政策宣言》。
At this time, domestic speculation in virtual currencies, such as bitcoin, is explicitly prohibited, but transactions such as NFT digital collections are already in the exploratory phase. As early as last July, Shanghai explicitly supported the exploration of NFT trading platforms, researching related industries such as the digitization of NFTs, the global flow of digital IPs, and digital certainty protection, which pre-empted Shanghai, a statement that is rare in other government documents, even earlier than Hong Kong’s Policy Declaration on Virtual Asset Development.
在区块链以及数字资产的层面，上海更是明确了产业化和市场化的方向。《上海市推动制造业高质量发展三年行动计划(2023-2025年)》指出，落实“四个新赛道”“五大未来产业”行动方案中，药发展区块链、Web3.0等数字新经济，推动元宇宙重大应用。去年8月，上海数据交易所设立了全国首个数字资产板块，并在今年联动国内主要区块链企业，力争实现区块链跨链互联互通。据介绍，为实现链上资产互联互通，上海数据交易所已形成“三步走”规划，将打造区块链互联互通可信枢纽，制定数字文创区块链应用相关标准，激活文创资源多场景应用。
Shanghai’s three-year Shanghai Action Plan for Quality Development in Manufacturing (2023-2025) states that, in implementing the “Five Future Industries” programme of action of the “Four New Races,” drug development blocks, Web3.0, among others, are new digital economies that promote significant applications in the meta-coastal universe. In August last year, the Shanghai Data Exchange established the first national digital asset block, and this year joined major domestic sector chains in an effort to achieve cross-linkage.
去年年底，以数字人民币结算的碳普惠平台“沪碳行”上线，上海市民地铁或骑行出行，可按出行里程核算碳减排量，用户每日低碳行为收益可实时兑换成数字人民币，为使碳资产可见、可得、可度量，采用区块链存证和智能合约，用代码实现碳资产数据不可更改、无人干预。
At the end of last year, a digital renminbi-based carbon-inclusive platform, the “Cross Carbon Line”, which allows citizens of Shanghai to travel by train or on foot, can account for carbon emission reductions by mileage, and users can convert daily low-carbon behaviour gains into digital renminbis in real time. To make carbon assets visible, available and measurable, block chain records and smart contracts are used to make carbon asset data unalterable and uninterruptible by code.
“上海的区块链应用场景特别丰富，金融业、航运业、物流业高度发达，区块链大多数业务都能在上海找到落地场景。”李鸣表示，上海对区块链的政策支持力度很大，人才优势更是国内首屈一指，“区块链要求复合型技术人才，融合密码学、编程语言、计算机网络等多项专业，通常需要较高专业技能的人才，上海正好是相关人才的聚集高地。”他还认为，上海已孵化出不少区块链公司，在商业运营中可能在未来出现“杀手级”应用。
“Shanghai's block chain applications are particularly rich, the financial, shipping, and logistics industries are highly developed, and most of the chain's operations are located in Shanghai.” Li Jin states that Shanghai's policy support for the block chain is strong, and that the country's top talent is more of a “block chain that requires a combination of technical talent, integration of many professions, such as cryptology, programming language and computer networks, often requires a higher level of expertise, and Shanghai is a confluence of relevant talent.” He also believes that Shanghai has hatched a number of sector chain companies that may have “killer-level” applications in business operations in the future.
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