区块链原理详解（二）：区块链特征及分类

特征

Features

• 开放、共识
  

  Open, consensual
  

任何人都可以参与到区块链网络，每一台设备都能作为一个节点，每一个节点都允许获得一份完整的数据库拷贝。节点间基于一套共识机制，通过竞争计算共同维护整个区块链。任一节点失效，其余节点仍能正常工作。

Anyone can participate in the block chain network, each device can be used as a node, and each node is allowed to obtain a complete copy of the database. The node is based on a consensus mechanism, and the entire block chain is jointly maintained through a competitive calculation. Any one node lapses and the remaining node is functional.

• 去中心、去信任
  

  /strung >

区块链由众多节点组成一个端到端的网络，不存在中心化的设备和管理机构。节点之间数据交换通过数字签名技术进行验证，无需互相信任。，只要按照系统既定的规则进行，节点之间不能也无法欺骗其它节点。

Block chains comprise an end-to-end network of multiple nodes, and there is no centralized equipment or regulatory body. Data exchange between nodes is verified by digital signature techniques without mutual trust. As long as they are conducted in accordance with the established rules of the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.

• 交易透明、双方匿名

  Transactions are transparent, both anonymous

单个甚至多个节点对数据库的修改无法影响其他节点的数据库，除非能控制整个网络中超过51%的节点同时修改，这几乎不可能发生。区块链中的每一笔交易都通过密码学方法与相邻两个区块串联，因此可以追溯到任何一笔交易的前世今生。

Individual or even multiple node changes to the database cannot affect the database of other nodes unless they can control more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network at the same time, which is almost impossible. Each transaction in the block chain is associated with the adjacent two blocks by cryptography, and can therefore be traced back to the previous life of any transaction.

分类

Classification

• 公有链

  public chain

无官方组织及管理机构，无中心服务器，参与的借点按照系统规格自由接入网路、不受控制，节点间基于共识机制开展工作。

There are no official organizations and regulatory bodies, no central servers, participating lending points with free and uncontrollable access to the Internet in accordance with the specifications of the system, and nodes work on the basis of consensus mechanisms.

• 私有链

  /strang'

建立在某个企业内部，系统的运作规则根据企业要求进行设定，修改甚至是读取权限仅限于少数节点，同时仍保留着区块链的真实性合部分去中心化的特征。

Within an enterprise, the rules governing the operation of the system are set in accordance with the requirements of the enterprise, with modifications and even access being limited to a few nodes, while preserving the centralization of the genuineness of the block chain.

• 联盟链

由若干机构联合发起，介于共有链合私有链之间，兼具部分去中心化的特征。

Co-sponsored by several agencies, between shared chains and private chains, with partially decentralised features.