目前，以区块链、工业互联网、人工智能、5G为代表的信息科技发展迅速，科技与经济的融合给经济与社会带来了巨大变革和进步。
Currently, information technology, represented by block chains, industrial Internet, artificial intelligence and 5G, is developing rapidly, and the integration of science and technology with the economy has brought about significant changes and progress in the economy and society.
面对新的国际形势和国际竞争格局，今年10月，中共中央政治局第十八次集体学习，对区块链技术发展现状和趋势进行研讨。这为加快区块链技术和产业创新发展提供了动力，也为中国通证数字经济的发展增强了信心。
In the face of the new international situation and international competition patterns, in October this year, the Central Political Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party, for its eighteenth time, studied the current state and trends in the technological development of the block chain. This has provided an impetus for accelerating technological and industrial innovation in the block chain and has also strengthened confidence in China’s well-documented digital economy.
当前，通证数字经济迅速发展，但从全社会的观念革新到技术落地，以及去中心化和监管的平衡等问题，仍需要各界在实践中不断探索。2019年12月21日， “2019中国通证数字经济峰会”在北京召开。峰会以“数字经济时代的机遇与思考”为主题，深入讨论数字经济时代背景下区块链技术、通证的变革意义与创新应用，并就如何更好服务国家战略与实体经济，为推动中国经济社会高质量发展集思广益，建言献策。
At present, the mediocre digital economy is growing rapidly, but issues ranging from social conceptual innovation to technologicalization and decentralisation and regulatory balance still need to be explored continuously in practice. On 21 December 2019, the China Translator Digital Economy Summit was held in Beijing. The Summit focused on the theme “Opportunities and reflections in the digital economy era” and discussed in depth the implications and innovative applications of block-link technologies, translators and innovations in the context of the digital economy, and how to better serve the national strategy and the real economy in order to generate ideas and ideas for high-quality economic development in China.
区块链发展现状
Status of Development of Block Chains
根据中国信息通信研究院发布的《区块链白皮书（2019）》中的定义，区块链是一种由多方共同维护，使用密码学保证传输和访问安全，能够实现数据一致存储、难以篡改、防止抵赖的记账技术，也称为分布式账本技术。
As defined in the White Paper on Block Chains (2019) issued by the China Institute for Information and Communications Research, the block chain is a method of shared maintenance that uses cryptography to secure transmissions and access and is capable of achieving consistent data storage, difficult to tamper with, and anti-deposit accounting techniques, also known as distributed bookkeeping techniques.
自从2016年第一次把“区块链”列入我国“十三五”信息化规划开始，区块链与数字经济的热度就一直居高不下，2016年成为公认的“区块链元年”。2018年中央经济工作会议强调加快5G商用，加强人工智能、工业互联网、物联网等新型基础设施，2019年经济工作会议上面第一次提出要大力发展数字经济；四年来，区块链和数字经济的技术不断发展，实际应用层出不穷。
Since 2016, when the “block chain” was first included in our 13th Five-Year Information Plan, the heat of the block chain and the digital economy has remained high, becoming a recognized “block chain year” in 2016. In 2018, the Central Economic Work Conference emphasized the acceleration of 5G commerce, the strengthening of new infrastructure such as artificial intelligence, the industrial Internet, and physical networking, and, for the first time in 2019, the need for a vigorous digital economy; over the past four years, the technology of the block chain and the digital economy has continued to evolve and its practical applications have grown.
实际上，有学者将“区块链”应用总结为“五六五六”。区块链的五大现有领域包括数字金融、物联网、智能制造、供应链金融和数字资产交易；六大发展方向包括基础研究、协同攻关、标准化研究、产业发展、产业生态和人才队伍建设；五大重要作用是促进数据共享、优化业务流程、降低运营成本、提升协同效率与建设可信体系；六大应用场景为金融、数字经济、民生、智慧城市、互联互通与电子政务。
Indeed, scholars have summarized the application of the block chain as “five, six, six, six.” Five existing areas of the block chain include digital finance, physical networking, smart manufacturing, supply chain finance and digital asset trading; six development directions include basic research, coordinated closing, standardized research, industrial development, industrial ecology and talent-building; five important roles are to promote data sharing, optimize business processes, reduce operating costs, enhance synergies and build credible systems; and six applications are finance, the digital economy, livelihoods, intelligent cities, connectivity and e-government.
区块链相关的产业已经涉及到方方面面，“区块链+”也开发出了许多应用场景，但区块链也不是万能药，哪些行业适合，哪些行业不适合？区块链要想实现大面积的应用，哪个方向最容易落地？（香港）数码动力有限公司创始人、香港区块链协会共同主席方宏进认为，在生产要素数字化程度高的产业和行业，可以最先一批实现区块链应用，如金融、游戏、政府财政等。
The sector chain-related industries have already covered a wide range of aspects, and the block chain+ has developed many applications, but the block chain is not a panacea, which industries are not suitable and which industries are not. Which direction is the easiest to reach if the block chain is to achieve large-scale applications? (Hong Kong) The founder of Digital Dynamics Ltd. and the co-chair of the Hong Kong Block Chain Association have argued that in industries and industries where production factors are highly digitized, it is possible to achieve block chain applications in the first batch, such as finance, games, government finance, etc.
方宏进认为，尽管当前“区块链”的概念企业很多，但实际上属于“区块链应用”、有落地项目的很少。不管是做已经美股上市的矿机巨头，还是现有的中心化的交易所，本质上都不是区块链应用的企业。真正的区块链应用企业，应该解决合规性准则、可实施性准则、不可替代性准则和效益性准则等四个问题。
In his view, while the current concept of block chains is numerous, they are actually part of the “block chain application” and few land-fall projects. Whether it is a large marketed miner, or an existing centralized exchange, it is essentially not an enterprise applying a block chain.
合规性准则要解决有没有真实的法人、匿名化的设置如何被政府监管、Token（通证）是否可炒作、会不会造成资本外流等问题。
Compliance guidelines address the question of whether there are real legal persons, how anonymity is regulated by the Government, whether Token (passport) can be fired and whether it can lead to capital flight.
不可替代性原则，指的是区块链应用是否是真的分布式记账、是否采用了智能合约、是否实现了价值链转移等问题
The principle of non-alternativeity refers to the question of whether block chain applications are genuinely distributed bookkeeping, whether smart contracts have been used and whether value chain shifts have been achieved
可实施性准则，则要衡量生产要素是否足够数字化、并发需求有多大、互联网的组合式应用场景等问题。
The implementability guidelines are intended to measure whether the factors of production are digital enough, how much demand is generated, and the combination application landscape of the Internet.
效益性准则，则是指相关应用是是否能通过智能合约降低运行成本、是否通过创造降低交易成本、收益在哪里等问题。
The efficiency guideline refers to whether the relevant application can reduce operating costs through smart contracts, whether transaction costs can be reduced through creation, and where the benefits are.
通证数字经济与中国产业创新发展
Translator Digital Economy and Industrial Innovation Development in China
信任是区块链着重解决的问题，其解决方法完全不同于以往技术。区块链开创了一种在不可信的竞争环境中低成本建立信任的新型计算范式和协作模式，凭借其独有的信任建立机制，实现了穿透式监管和信任逐级传递，这为数字经济应用带来了创新的商业模式和应用场景。
Confidence is the problem that the block chain focuses on, and the solution is different from the previous technology. The block chain has created a new computing paradigm and collaborative model for building trust at low cost in an untrustworthy competitive environment, with its unique confidence-building mechanism, which has allowed penetrating regulation and confidence-building to be passed down step by step, bringing with it innovative business models and applications for digital economy applications.
区块链给中国产业发展带来了宝贵的创新机会。国印金控（海南）科技有限公司首席技术官李金鹤认为，可以从技术和经济两个角度来理解。他表示：“从技术上看，区块链带来的是可信网络，它实现的是共同参与下数据管理的高可信、更安全和易共享。关联实体间如产业上下游企业，协作时非常适合用这种技术带实现共有的可信数据库，目前我国的“区块链+”创新也多是在企业联盟链上开展。从经济创新视角看，通证激活了价值互联，通证作为承载多种权益表达的加密数字证明，流通在共识网络中，因承载不同的权益而体现出相应的特质。这些权益在数字网络中实现量化以后，以通证形式满足可信和流通，更好的发挥其经济作用，如帮助企业在数字经济中创新流通形式，实现价值传递，变革协作方式，释放社群活力。
The chain of blocks offers a valuable opportunity for innovation in China’s industrial development. The Chief Technical Officer of State Indigen Control (Hainnan) Technology Ltd., Li Jinjun, argues that it can be understood from both a technical and an economic perspective. He says: “Technology, the chain of blocks brings a credible network, which is realized by a high degree of credibility, security, and easy to share.
12月20日，全国人大法工委发言人岳仲明在记者会上表示，中国明年将制定《个人信息保护法》、《数据安全法》等。这两部法律的出台对数据使用起到了很大的促进作用，也让区块链更加有了用武之地。华为公司战略部副总裁郑志彬指出，“区块链为数字经济中的各行各业业务发展提供了模式创新的土壤，可以帮助解决安全问题、开发新业务模式、推动产业数字化的发展。”
On 20 December, the spokesman for the National People’s Congress’s Legal and Technical Commission, Mr. Yu, stated at a press conference that China would be preparing the Personal Information Protection Act, the Data Security Act, and so forth next year. The introduction of those laws had greatly facilitated the use of data and made the chain of blocks more useful. China, for its part, pointed out that “the block chain provides a model and innovative ground for business development in all walks of life in the digital economy and can help to solve security problems, develop new business models and promote the digitalization of the industry.”
风险防范、监管与应对
Risk prevention, regulation and response
区块链技术因去中心化、难篡改、自激励等内在特性，为治理带来了新的问题和挑战。
Block chain technology poses new problems and challenges for governance due to its inherent characteristics, such as decentralization, difficulty of manipulation and self-incentives.
关于区块链技术的风险，中国信通院政策与经济研究所数字经济部主任孙克认为：“一是去中心化的分布式共享账本带来了治理主体分散的问题。二是自动执行的智能合约带来了其法律有效性的问题。三是区块链难以篡改的特性带来的数据隐私和内容治理问题。四是激励机制与数字资产带来的金融治理问题。”除了以上问题，区块链还有其技术本身风险如中心悖论、密钥丢失风险等以及融合的风险如经济社会风险、金融融合的风险。现在的技术和融合大部分还处在不完善的阶段。
With regard to the risks of block chain technology, the Director of the Digital Economy Department of the Institute of Policy and Economic Research of China, Sun Ke, argued: “One is that decentralized distributional shared books raise the problem of fragmentation of governance subjects. The second is that automated smart contracts raise questions about their legal validity. The third is the problem of data privacy and content governance caused by the unmanageable characteristics of block chains. The fourth is the problem of financial governance caused by incentive mechanisms and digital assets.” In addition to the above, the block chain has its own technological risks, such as the central paradox, the risk of key loss, etc., and the risks of integration, such as economic and social risks, and the risk of financial integration.
鉴于区块链技术和数字经济存在的各种风险，如何更好地实行监管与应对风险成了亟需解决的问题。对此，国务院发展研究中心创新发展研究部副部长田杰棠认为：“目前总的规制方向还是要促进通证的‘脱虚入实’，在虚拟经济领域坚持审慎兼顾包容。在法律层面，通证经济发展情况可以纳入现有法律框架，甚至可以修改法律；第二个是以链治链，把法律条文加入智能合约。”
Given the risks associated with block chain technology and the digital economy, how to better regulate and respond to them is an urgent problem. In response, the Deputy Minister for Innovation and Development Studies of the Development Research Centre of the State Council said, “The overall regulatory direction is still to promote a ‘discovery of the economy’, with a cautious balance of inclusion in the virtual economy. At the legal level, the situation with respect to the economic development of translator can be incorporated into the existing legal framework, and even the law can be changed; the second is the chain of governance, incorporating legal provisions into smart contracts.”
孙克也提出建议：“技术方面，要多方协同推进，加强关键技术研究，制定人才和标准；应用方面，以点带面探索，加速行业应用推进，引导好应用的真实落地；监管层面，近期远期结合，开展审慎包容监管，防范潜在风险。”
Sun Ke also suggested: “Technology should be pursued in a multi-pronged manner, with the aim of strengthening research on key technologies and developing talent and standards; applications should be explored to accelerate industry applications and guide the real landing of applications; and the regulatory dimension, in the near future, should combine prudential and inclusive regulation to protect against potential risks.”
（编辑：周上祺）
(Edit: Cho)
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