区块链：被“币”误解的“上链”技术

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2008年，一篇名为《比特币：一种点对点式的电子现金系统》的论文发布，随后的一年，比特币网络正式上线并推出了第一个开源的比特币客户端软件，中本聪用这一网络对第一个比特币“区块”进行“采矿”并获得了第一批的50个比特币。估计连他本人也不会想到在随后的几年，每枚比特币的价格甚至会接近两万美金。

In 2008, a paper entitled Bitcoin: a point-to-point electronic cash system was published, and the following year, the Bitcoin network officially went online and launched its first open-source Bitcoin client software, which was used by China's deaf to “mine” the first bitcoin block and to get the first 50 bitcoins. Even he himself would not expect that the price of each bitcoin would be close to $20,000 in the next few years.

比特币在成为家喻户晓的数字资产过程中使区块链技术大放异彩，先不讨论数字货币的好与坏，单就比特币、以太坊等数字货币的兴起，便对区块链的快速落地起到了决定性作用。区块链让数字货币的每一笔动向有“链”可查，同时又能保护参与者的隐私，随着区块链技术的普及，数字经济、乃至数字化社会正变得更加公正与透明。

Bitcoin, in becoming a well-known digital asset, has made block-chain technology so remarkable that, without discussing whether digital money is good or bad, the rise of digital money, such as bitcoin, Etheka, alone, is decisive for the fast landing of block-chains. The block-chain allows a “chain” of every movement of digital money, while at the same time protecting the privacy of the participants. With the diffusion of block-chain technology, the digital economy, and even a digital society, is becoming more just and transparent.

区块链的诞生：真正可信任的互联网时代来临

区块链发了世界性关注，而区块链技术的应用前景正被更多国家认可，形成一股全球性开发热潮。据了解，2017年全球区块链企业专利前100名中，中国企业占49%，美国占比33%，俄罗斯、日本等国企业亦有上榜；欧洲八大金融机构已完成股权认证，将联手探索区块链技术项目，上“链”正成为继上“云”后新的技术方向之一。

The block chain is a worldwide concern, and the prospects for the application of block chain technology are being recognized by more countries, leading to a global boom in development. It is known that in 2017, China accounted for 49% of the top 100 patents in block chain enterprises worldwide, the United States accounted for 33%, and Russian and Japanese firms were on the top list; the eight largest European financial institutions have completed equity certifications and are working together to explore block chain technology projects, and the “chain” on it is becoming one of the new technological directions following the cloud.

区块链备受重视之处，在于其相对于当代商业网络的巨大创新，“上链”后，原本分散的机构信息被链接到一个大的分布式账本上，形成了新型的商业网络结构。它能在网络中建立点对点的可靠信任，使价值传递过程去除中介干扰，只能添加内容，不能篡改和删除已有信息，不同组织也只能查看到自己被授权的交易内容。既公开信息又保护隐私，既共同决策又保护个体权益，这种机制提高了价值交互的效率并降低了成本。

The value of the block chain lies in its enormous innovation vis-à-vis contemporary commercial networks, where, after the “uplink”, the previously dispersed institutional information is linked to a large distributed book, creating a new business network structure. It builds reliable trust in the network with point-to-points, removes intermediary interference from the value transfer process, adds only content, does not alter and delete existing information, and allows different organizations to see only the content of their authorized transactions. Public information and privacy protection, as well as joint decision-making and individual interests, enhances value interaction and reduces costs.

另外，当前的互联网系统都设置有一个中心服务器，例如整张互联网都被戏称为“美国的内网”，由美国的根服务器管理，这一过程让其他国家抵御网络风险的能力大大降低，信息安全也备受质疑。而区块链使用的是分布式系统，不再设置中心服务器，数据被存储在很多分离的服务器上。这套系统在另一个层面完美地解决了信息安全问题，基于“弱中心化”的价值愈发凸显。

In addition, the current Internet system has a central server, such as the entire Internet, which is called the “intranet in the United States” and is managed by root servers in the United States, a process that greatly reduces the ability of other countries to withstand cyber-risks and calls into question information security. Instead, block chains use distributed systems, no more central servers, and data are stored on many separate servers.

数字货币矿机：中国制造新名片

除了比特币，与“挖矿”联系紧密的或许是以太坊、瑞波在内的其他数字货币，但庞大的数字货币基数，是以“矿机”为中介产生的，据了解，2017年，仅比特币、以太坊“挖矿”消耗的电量就已经超过了全球153个国家和地区的发电总量，预计2018年，比特币的电力需求将超过人口4400万的阿根廷国家用电总量。

With the exception of Bitcoin, which may be closely linked to “mining” in other digital currencies, such as Taiku and Raebo, but whose large digital monetary base is brokered by “mine machines”, it is known that in 2017 the amount of electricity consumed by Bitcoin alone and by “mining” in the Taiku alone exceeded the total amount of electricity generated in 153 countries and territories worldwide, and that by 2018 it is expected that the demand for electricity in Bitcoin will exceed the total amount of electricity consumed by the country's population of 44 million.

如此高能耗的“挖矿”产业背后，是强大的“矿机”产能支撑。统计发现，全球前三的数字货币矿机生产商比特大陆、嘉楠耘智和亿邦科技已经包揽了全球九成的份额，三家厂商有一个共同特点——都是中国企业。深圳华强北作为全球最大的电子产业基地，已经将数字货币矿机冠以浓厚的“中国制造”标签。媒体介绍，“半导体隐形巨人”比特大陆2017年的净利润已经超过30亿美元，甚至完成了对美国半导体巨头英伟达的赶超。

Underlying this energy-intensive “mining” industry is the strong “mine machine” that supports it. Statistics show that the world’s top three producers of digital money machines, Pitt continent, Kananji, and Billion State technology, have already covered 90% of the world’s share, and that three manufacturers share a common feature – Chinese enterprises.

作为全球半导体行业巨头，三星显然不愿缺席这一盛宴，三星正利用自身在半导体行业的技术优势，开始生产挖矿所需的ASIC芯片，装配这一芯片的矿机或将超过比特大陆的S9蚂蚁矿机，对比特大陆的ASIC市场地位产生影响。但从全球产业来看，中韩两国产业结构已经产生不可调和的竞争，随着国产芯片企业的崛起，国内半导体企业必将越来越多地占据先机与主动权。

As a global semiconductor industry giant, it is clear that Samsung does not want to be absent from this feast, and that Samsung is taking advantage of his technical advantage in the semiconductor industry to begin producing the ASIC chips needed to dig, either with a miner that will be larger than the S9 ant mine on the Bit continent, and the market position of the ASI on the Bit continent. But, from the global industry, the industrial structure of China and Korea has created irreconcilable competition, and with the rise of the national chip industry, domestic semiconductors will increasingly take the lead and initiative.

区块链 ≠ 数字货币

比特币基于区块链技术“去中心化”和高透明、高加密性，被投资人奉为圭臬，比特币的造富神话和监管层对投机行为的态度让更多人将区块链等视为数字货币，认为区块链必将随着数字货币泡沫的破灭而消逝。但除了数字货币，近几年，区块链却在释放潜能并加诸其他领域。

Bitcoin, based on block-chain technology, “decentralized” and high transparency and encryption, has been perceived by investors as being rich, myths of Bitcoin and regulatory attitudes towards speculative behaviour have led more people to view block chains, for example, as digital currencies, which are bound to disappear with the bursting of digital currency bubbles. But, in addition to digital money, block chains have been unleashing potential and adding value to other areas in recent years.

以太坊推出智能合约——加密猫后，国内一干企业又一次加入区块链宠物大战。区块链宠物是基于区块链特点，为每一个宠物赋予独一无二的体态特征和DNA遗传模型，异性宠物会孕育出基于二者DNA和体态的结合版幼兽。这次对于游戏产业的创新或许会颠覆未来游戏人物、装备的同质化升级模式，同时，这种游戏模式也促进了一次营销行业的升级。如小米的加密兔正成为小米的一种营销手段，以帮助小米卖出更多产品。

This innovation in the game industry may destabilize the homogenous upgrading of future players, equipment, and, at the same time, facilitate an upgrading of the marketing industry. For example, rice-encrypted rabbits are becoming a marketing tool for rice to help them sell more products.

提到营销，不得不说营销的边界正在消失，甚至有的营销本身便是内容。继丁磊养猪、刘强东养鸡后，又一家科技企业加入农业大军。2017年，互联网保险公司众安保险旗下公司众安科技已经开始了“区块链养鸡”项目，众安希望通过区块链来塑造新的食品安全机制。这一计划为每一只鸡场的鸡都佩戴了物联网身份证——鸡牌，通过收集鸡的位置、运动数据，结合区块链不可篡改和防伪特性来打造每只鸡的专属“体质”，让溯源变得更简单。“步步鸡”虽有营销嫌疑，但却不失为一次大胆的尝试。好的东西总要经过时间检验，区块链农业扶贫能否成功，日后定能揭晓。

With reference to marketing, it has to be said that the boundaries of marketing are disappearing, and even marketing itself is what is involved. In 2017, the Internet insurance company, Inc., Inc., joined the agricultural army with a technology firm after the pig-breeding and the chicken-breeding industry.

互联网巨头的入局也在改变区块链的“噱头”名声。2018年，6月25日，蚂蚁金服正式上线全球首个基于区块链的电子钱包跨境汇款服务，并且现场完成了第一笔汇款。而港版支付宝Alipay HK的用户已经可以通过手机向菲律宾钱包Gcash实现基于区块链技术的转账。正如设想一般，区块链正成为互联网金融的“手术刀”，互联网金融与数字货币本身就存在千丝万缕的联系，有区块链加持，互联网金融的监管、安全性或将得到极大补充。

The Internet giant’s entry bureau is also changing the reputation of the block chain. In 2018, on 25 June, the ants’ gold suit officially went online for the first block-based electronic wallet cross-border remittance service worldwide, and the first remittance was completed on site.

区块链依然在对征信和需要独特性的相关产业进行改造升级，包括物联网、大数据对于区块链技术的应用亦不可忽视。删繁就简，降低交易、乃至制度成本，不仅会改善当前低迷的经济环境，对个性化的发展更具有现实意义。

Block chains are still being upgraded to credit and related industries that require uniqueness, including the use of mass networking and big data for block chain technology. Deliberation and reduction of transactional and even institutional costs will not only improve the current depressed economic environment, but will be more relevant to individualized development.

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