正在阅读：区块链的原理是什么区块链的原理是什么

　　区块链系统由数据层、网络层、共识层、激励层、合约层和应用层组成。 其中，数据层封装了底层数据区块以及相关的数据加密和时间戳等基础数据和基本算法；网络层则包括分布式组网机制、数据传播机制和数据验证机制等；共识层主要封装网络节点的各类共识算法；激励层将经济因素集成到区块链技术体系中来，主要包括经济激励的发行机制和分配机制等；合约层主要封装各类脚本、算法和智能合约，是区块链可编程特性的基础；应用层则封装了区块链的各种应用场景和案例。该模型中，基于时间戳的链式区块结构、分布式节点的共识机制、基于共识算力的经济激励和灵活可编程的智能合约是区块链技术最具代表性的创新点。

The block chain system consists of data layers, network layers, consensus layers, incentive layers, contract layers, and application layers. Among these, the data layer covers basic data and algorithms such as bottom data blocks and related data encryption and time stampes; the network layer includes distributed network mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data validation mechanisms; the consensus algorithms of the main network nodes of the consensus layer; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the block chain technical system, including, inter alia, distribution and distribution mechanisms of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly covers various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which form the basis for the programmable characteristics of the block chain; and the application layer covers the various applications and cases of the block chain.

　　区块链主要解决的交易的信任和安全问题，因此它针对这个问题提出了四个技术创新：

The block chain primarily addresses the issues of trust and security in transactions, and it therefore proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:

　　（1）分布式账本，就是交易记账由分布在不同地方的多个节点共同完成，而且每一个节点都记录的是完整的账目，因此它们都可以参与监督交易合法性，同时也可以共同为其作证。

(1) Distributed books of accounts, i.e. transactions are accounted for jointly by multiple nodes located in different locations, and each node records a complete account, so that they can be involved in monitoring the legitimacy of the transaction and can testify against it jointly.

　　跟传统的分布式存储有所不同，区块链的分布式存储的独特性主要体现在两个方面：一是区块链每个节点都按照块链式结构存储完整的数据，传统分布式存储一般是将数据按照一定的规则分成多份进行存储。二是区块链每个节点存储都是独立的、地位等同的，依靠共识机制保证存储的一致性，而传统分布式存储一般是通过中心节点往其他备份节点同步数据。 [8]

Unlike traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of the distributed storage of the block chain is found in two main ways: first, that each node of the block chain stores complete data according to a block chain structure, and that traditional distributed storage generally divides the data into multiple copies according to certain rules. Second, that each node of the block chain stores is separate, status equivalent, relying on consensus mechanisms to ensure consistency in storage, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data with other back-up nodes through central nodes.[8]

　　没有任何一个节点可以单独记录账本数据，从而避免了单一记账人被控制或者被贿赂而记假账的可能性。也由于记账节点足够多，理论上讲除非所有的节点被破坏，否则账目就不会丢失，从而保证了账目数据的安全性。

None of the nodes can record book data separately, thus avoiding the possibility of a single account keeper being controlled or bribed to keep a false account. Also, because of the large number of nodes, accounts are theoretically not lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of account data.

　　（2）非对称加密和授权技术，存储在区块链上的交易信息是公开的，但是账户身份信息是高度加密的，只有在数据拥有者授权的情况下才能访问到，从而保证了数据的安全和个人的隐私。

(2) Asymmetric encryption and authorization techniques, while transactional information stored on the block chain is publicly available, account identification information is highly encrypted and accessible only with the authorization of the data owner, thereby ensuring data security and personal privacy.

　　（3）共识机制，就是所有记账节点之间怎么达成共识，去认定一个记录的有效性，这既是认定的手段，也是防止篡改的手段。区块链提出了四种不同的共识机制，适用于不同的应用场景，在效率和安全性之间取得平衡。

(3) The consensus mechanism is how to reach a consensus among all the bookkeeping nodes to determine the validity of a record, both as a perceived tool and as a means of preventing tampering. The block chain offers four different consensus mechanisms that apply to different application scenarios, balancing efficiency and security.

　　区块链的共识机制具备“少数服从多数”以及“人人平等”的特点，其中“少数服从多数”并不完全指节点个数，也可以是计算能力、股权数或者其他的计算机可以比较的特征量。“人人平等”是当节点满足条件时，所有节点都有权优先提出共识结果、直接被其他节点认同后并最后有可能成为最终共识结果。以比特币为例，采用的是工作量证明，只有在控制了全网超过51%的记账节点的情况下，才有可能伪造出一条不存在的记录。当加入区块链的节点足够多的时候，这基本上不可能，从而杜绝了造假的可能.

Consensus mechanisms for block chains have “ minority compliance with majority ” and “ equality for all & & rdquo; features of which “ minority compliance with majority ” not all nodes, or a comparable number of computing capabilities, weights or other computers. & & ldquo; equality for all & & rdquo; is that when nodes meet the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to consensus results, are directly identified by other nodes, and may eventually be the final consensus outcome. In Bitcoin, for example, the workload proves that it is possible to falsify a record that does not exist only if the entire network is controlled by more than 51% of account points.

　　（4）智能合约，智能合约是基于这些可信的不可篡改的数据，可以自动化的执行一些预先定义好的规则和条款。以保险为例，如果说每个人的信息（包括医疗信息和风险发生的信息）都是真实可信的，那就很容易的在一些标准化的保险产品中，去进行自动化的理赔.

(4) Smart contracts, smart contracts, are based on these credible and indeterminable data, which allow for automated enforcement of predefined rules and provisions. For example, insurance, if everyone’s information (including medical information and information on the occurrence of risks) is authentic, it is easy to make automated claims in some standardized insurance products.

　　作者：伽思珂

Author: Gazco

　　链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/5a673fe474ac

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