精通比特币1：比特币介绍
1.1比特币是什么
比特币既是构成数字货币生态系统基础概念和技术的总称，又是比特币网络中参与者存储和传输的货币单位。在互联网上，比特币用户主要通过比特币协议进行通信，当然也可以使用其他传输网络。比特币协议栈作为开源软件，可以在各种类型的计算设备上运行，包括笔记本电脑和智能手机，从而使得比特币更加普及。
Bitcoin is both the sum of xff0c, which constitutes the basic concepts and technologies of the digital monetary system; and the currency unit in which participants in the Bitcoin network store and transmit. On the Internet xff0c; Bitcoin users communicate mainly through bitcoin protocols xff0c; and, of course, other transmission networks can be used. Bitcoin stands as open source software xff0c; they can run xff0c on various types of computing equipment; includes laptop computers and smart phones xff0c; thus making bitco more widely available.
用户通过网络进行比特币转账可以做到和传统货币一样的事，包括买卖商品，汇款给别人或机构，或者提供借贷。比特币可以在专业的交易所进行买卖出售或兑换其他货币。从某种意义上讲，比特币是互联网上完美的货币形态，因为他快速，安全，并且无国界。
Users can do the same thing as traditional currencies by making Bitcoin transfers via the Internet xff0c; including buying and selling goods xff0c; sending money to another person or institution xff0c; or lending. Bitcoin can buy and sell on a professional exchange or exchange other currencies. xff0c; Bitcoin is, in a sense, the perfect currency on the Internet xff0c; he is fast xff0c; he is safe xfff0c; and he is borderless.
与传统货币不同，比特币完全是虚拟的，没有物理硬币，甚至本身都不是简单的数字化（比如银行卡里的存款余额是简单的数字化），比特币隐含在汇款方到收款方的转账交易中。在比特币网络中，用户用自己的密钥来证明他们对比特币的所有权，用户使用密钥对交易进行签名以解锁比特币，并通过将其转账给新的所有者来消费比特币。
Unlike traditional currencies xff0c; Bitcoin is completely virtual xff0c; there are no physical coins xff0c; even it is not simple xff08; for example, bank Kari's deposit balance is simple digitized xff09; xff0c; bitcoin is implicit in transfers between the sender and the recipient. In Bitcoin network xff0c; users use their own keys to prove their ownership of the currency xff0c; users use keys to sign transactions to unlock bitcoins xff0c; and consume bitcoin by transferring it to new owners.
比特币是分布式的点对点系统，因此，并没有“中心”服务器或控制节点。比特币是通过被称为“挖矿”的流程创造出来的，“挖矿”流程涉及在打包处理比特币交易过程中矿工竞争式寻找一个数学问题的解（寻找符合条件的hash值）。比特币网络中的任何参与者（即有能运行完整比特币协议栈的设备的人）都可以作为矿工，利用其计算机的处理能力来验证和记录（打包）交易。平均每隔10分钟，就有矿工打包验证了过去10分钟内的交易（打包成一个区块），并获得本区块全新的比特币挖矿奖励。从根本上讲，正是比特币挖矿的流程代替了中央银行的货币发行和结算功能，通过分布式架构取代了中央银行的地位。
Bitcoin is a distributed point-to-point system xff0c; therefore xff0c; there is no “centre” server or control node. Bitcoin can be created through a process known as “mining”; xff0c; xff08 involves a competitive search for a mathematical problem by miners in the process of packing bitcoin transactions xff08; xff08; xff09; xff08; any participant in the Bitcoin network xff08; xff08; xff09; xff0c; can be a miner ; xff0c; xff08; xff09; trading average of 10 minutes xffc; the position of miners has been verified for the last 10 minutes xff08; #xff08; packaged into a block #xff09; nx0 Central Bank; and obtained an entirely new incentive to dig and distribute xxppv; kpppppppppppppppppppppppppppppt; and kppppppppppppppppppppppfffffff; kpppppppppppppppppppppppppppppt.fff; fffff....pppppppppppppp.x.x.fffffffft.........
比特币协议包括内置的算法，用于协调整个网络的挖矿能力。挖矿的难度会根据有多少矿工（以及多强的计算能力）参与挖矿而进行动态调整，以保证平均每10分钟就有矿工可以成功挖矿。比特币协议还规定每4年新发行比特币的数量减半，并将所有发行的比特币总数限制在2100万以内。因此可流通的比特币数量是一个非常容易预测的曲线，到2140年将接近2100万。由于比特币递减的发行率，长期来看，比特币货币是通货紧缩的，此外比特币不能通过“增发”超过预定发行率的新钱而导致通货膨胀。
The Bitcoin agreement includes built-in algorithms & #xff0c; the mining capacity to coordinate the entire network. The difficulty of mining is based on how many miners & #xff08; and how many computes & #xff09; dynamic adjustment & #xff0c for participation in mining; ensuring that miners can successfully dig on average every 10 minutes. The Bitcoin agreement also provides for halving the number of new bitcoins issued every four years xff0c; limiting the total number of bitcoins issued to less than 21 million. Thus, the number of bitcoins available is a very predictable curve xff0c; close to 21 million by 2140.
换句话说，比特币也是融合比特币协议、点对点网络和分布式计算的创新代名词，比特币货币只是这个创新的第一个应用。比特币集数十年密码学和分布式系统研究之大成，并将四个独特和强大的关键创新点组合在一起。比特币这四个创新包括：·一个去中心化的点对点网络（比特币协议）·一本公开的交易总账（区块链）·一套可独立校验交易和发行货币的规则（共识规则）·一种通过全球去中心化对有效的区块链达成共识的机制（工作量证明算法）作为一名开发人员，我将比特币视为货币互联网，这是一个传播价值的网络，通过分布式计算来确保数字资产的所有权。比特币还有很多不那么显而易见的内容。
In other words, xff0c; Bitcoin is also an innovative adjective for integrating bitcoin protocols, point-to-point networks and distribution calculations xff0c; Bitcoin currency is only the first application of this innovation. Bitcoin’s decades-long research on cryptography and distribution systems xff0c; and combines four unique and powerful key innovation points. The four innovations include xff1a; xff08, a decentralized point-to-point network; xff09, a workload proof algorithm xff09; a public transaction ledger xff08; a block chain xff09; a set of rules for independent verification of currency transactions and distribution xff08; a consensus rule #xff09; a mechanism for achieving consensus on effective block chains through a global centralization #xff08; xff09, a developers’s #xffc; I will consider Bitcoin as an Internet #xff0c; a network for dissemination value #0xff09, a much to ensure less visible ownership of the assets; #xff.
比特币之前的数字货币实用的数字货币出现与密码学的发展密切相关。当使用数字货币来进行商品和服务交易时，人们自然有一些根本性疑虑。任何人接受数字货币时都有三个基本问题：
The emergence of digitally useful currencies before Bitcoin is closely linked to developments in cryptology. When digital currencies are used to trade goods and services xff0c; people naturally have some fundamental doubts. There are three basic problems when anyone accepts digital currencies xff1a;
1.我怎么确定这笔钱是真实的，而不是伪造的？
How do I know this money is real? #xff0c; not fake #xff1f;
2.我怎么确定这笔数字货币只能花费一次（也称为“双重支付”或者“双花”问题）？
How do I determine that this digital currency can only be spent once xff08; also known as “double payments” or “double flowers” xff09; xff1f;
3.我怎么确定没有人能够声称这笔钱属于他们而不是我的？
How can I be sure that no one can claim that this money belongs to them and not to me?
纸币发行人通过使用日益复杂的纸张和印刷技术不断与假钱问题做斗争。实体货币很容易解决双重支付问题，因为相同的纸币不能同时出现在两个地方。当然，传统货币也经常以数字方式存储和传输。在这些情况下，假钱和双重支付问题是通过中央权威机构（如央行）清算所有电子交易来处理的，中央权威机构拥有全局的流通货币信息。对于不能利用秘制墨水或全息条码的数字货币，密码学是保障用户所有权合法性的基础。具体而言，加密数字签名使用户能够对数字资产或交易进行签名来证明对该资产的所有权。采用适当的架构，数字签名也可以用于解决双重支付问题。
Paper money issuers struggle with counterfeit money through the use of increasingly sophisticated paper and printing techniques. The real currency easily solves the problem of double payment xff0c; because the same currency cannot be found in two places at once. Of course xff0c; traditional currency is often stored and transmitted digitally. In these cases xff0c; false money and double payment problems are through central authorities xff08; for example, central banks xff09; clearing all electronic transactions xff0c; central authorities have a global circulation of money information. Digital currency xff0c; cryptography is the basis for safeguarding user ownership. Specifically, xff0c; encrypted digital signatures enable users to sign digital assets or transactions to prove ownership of the asset.
在20世纪80年代后期密码学开始被更广泛地理解和使用时，许多研究人员开始尝试使用加密技术来构建数字货币。这些早期的数字货币项目发行数字货币，通常由国家法币或贵金属（如黄金）背书。
When cryptography began to be understood and used more widely in the late 1980s xff0c; many researchers began to try to use encryption technology to construct digital currencies. These early digital money items issued digital currency xff0c; usually national coins or precious metals xff08; e.g. gold xff09; endorsements.
尽管这些早期的数字货币能有效工作，但它们是集中式的，因此很容易受到政府和黑客的攻击。早期的数字货币使用中心化的票据交易所定期处理所有交易，就像传统的银行系统一样。不幸的是，在大多数情况下，这些新兴的数字货币是政府担忧的目标，有些因违规起诉而最终消失，还有些由于母公司突然清盘而烟消云散。为了防止各方干预，无论是合法政府还是犯罪分子，都需要一个去中心化的数字货币来避免存在单一攻击点。比特币就是这样一个系统，通过去中心化的设计，没有任何中央权威节点或控制点可以被攻击或损坏
Although these early digital currencies work effectively xff0c; they are centralized xff0c; thus they are easily attacked by governments and hackers. Early digital money is used to centralize all transactions xff0c; as in the traditional banking system. Unfortunately xff0c; in most cases xff0c; these emerging digital currencies are the government’s concern xff0c; some eventually disappear xff0c; others are dissipated by the sudden clean-up of parent companies. To prevent intervention xff0c; both legitimate governments and criminals xff0c; a decentralised digital currency is needed to avoid a single attack point. Bitcoins is such a system xff0c; no central authority no point can be attacked or damaged.
1.2比特币历史
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