区块链是如何构建的
比特币只是区块链技术应用的一个场景而已。
Bitcoin is just a scene of the application of block chain technology.
当今社会，互联网改变了世界，现在我们拥有高效的支持信息流动处理的通信网络、跨越时空的电子商务，包括我们每天使用的移动社交、娱乐、新媒体，我们今天已经离不开互联网。但在互联网时代，实际上有三个问题一直没有得到很好的解决，这三个问题分别是隐私安全的问题、造假容易的问题和信任成本高的问题。
In today’s world, where the Internet has transformed the world, we now have efficient communication networks that support the flow of information, e-commerce across time and space, including mobile socialization, entertainment, and new media that we use every day. But in the age of the Internet, there are actually three problems that have not been addressed well: privacy security, counterfeiting, and the high cost of trust.
中关村区块链产业联盟专家邹均说，互联网上的隐私安全问题，如病毒、黑客对网络的攻击，很容易造成很大损失；现在欺诈、造假等现象司空见惯，造假之所以容易，归根结底是互联网上没有良好机制来防伪和防篡改。而信任建立和维护成本高昂也成为互联网的负累。
According to Zou, an expert from the China-Kojiang Block Chain Industries Alliance, privacy security issues on the Internet, such as viruses, hacker attacks on the Internet, can easily take a heavy toll; fraud, forgery, etc., are now commonplace, making counterfeits easier and, ultimately, the absence of good mechanisms to prevent forgery and tampering on the Internet. And the high cost of trust-building and maintenance is also a burden on the Internet.
互联网通常通过中心化的机构去解决信任和安全的问题，比如支付宝是通过中心化的机构建立信任，但这种中心化的机构往往脆弱也易攻击，存在单点故障的隐患。另外，中心化机构的公平性、客观独立性也存在隐患。更重要的是，对于用户而言，建立和维护信任的成本非常高昂。
The Internet usually addresses issues of trust and security through centralized institutions, such as payment treasures, which build trust through centralized institutions, but which are often vulnerable and vulnerable to attack, with a single point of failure. Moreover, there are risks to the fairness, objectivity, and independence of centralized institutions.
从计算机科学的角度来说，“信任”是对交易对手能够履约的主观的期望的一个概率表示。如在一些电商平台上，我们怎么看待不认识的交易对手，这实际上是一个主观的期望，在互联网上建立信任往往是通过交易对手过往的记录或者是公众的评论，产生所谓的信誉来给出一个交易对手履约的概率值，比如淘宝的信用评级等等，这些都是互联网上建立信任的模式。
From the point of view of computer science, “trust” is an indication of the probability of a subjective expectation that a competitor will be able to perform. For example, on some power platforms, how do we see an unknown competitor is a subjective expectation that confidence-building on the Internet is often based on a record of the counterparty’s past or a public comment that generates so-called credibility to give a counter-dealer the probability of performing, such as a credit rating of a treasure-hunting, and so on, all of these are models of confidence-building on the Internet.
然而过往的记录不代表未来发生的情况，而且互联网上也没有有效的措施去防范刷单的行为，比如传统的金融机构对信用风险的评级，大多都是以类似这种方式建立信任或评判信任，因此在互联网上建立信任是有局限的。
However, the record of the past does not represent what will happen in the future, and there are no effective measures on the Internet to prevent billing, such as traditional financial institutions'rating of credit risk, most of which build trust in a similar way or judge trust, thus limiting confidence-building on the Internet.
在现实社会中，银行充当信用保障，以银行、支付宝等作为信用中介是需要成本的，而我们普通大众就要为这庞大的信用成本买单——这也是为什么金融业是最赚钱的行业、拥有支付宝的蚂蚁金服利润如此惊人。
In a real society, banks act as credit guarantees, banks, payment treasures, etc., as credit intermediaries, and we, the general public, pay for this huge credit cost — and that is why the financial sector is the most profitable industry, and the profits of the ants with payment treasures are so amazing.
能不能不用银行等中心机构的信用背书？告诉你，在区块链技术出现以前，这是不可能的。
Can you not use a credit endorsement from a central institution like a bank? Tell you, that's impossible until the block chain technology comes along.
区块链技术正是为“去中心”而生，区块链技术的核心就是用“一堆个体”来代替“中心”。
The block chain technology was born out of the “go to the centre”, and the core of the block chain technology was to replace the “centre” with the “package of individuals”.
区块链技术的核心是沿时间轴记录数据与合约，并且只能读取和写入，不能修改和删除。在应用层面，区块链的安全、透明、高效三大优势，使其特别有助于规范互联网金融的发展，以及促进物联网和共享经济的普及与创新；在资本市场，采用分布式数据库和智能合约还可以大幅减少人工核对工作，为金融机构节省成本。
The core of block chain technology is to record data and contracts along time-axis, which can only be read and written, and cannot be modified and deleted. At the application level, the three main advantages of the block chain are security, transparency and efficiency, which in particular help to regulate the development of Internet finance, as well as to promote access to and innovation in the goods-networking and shared economy. In capital markets, the introduction of distributed databases and smart contracts can also significantly reduce manual checks and save financial institutions costs.
互联网作为信息传递的网络难以保证价值的安全传递，区块链则解决了“双花”的问题，使得其既能传输信息也能传递价值，因此区块链被认为是“价值互联网”。另外，区块链的“智能合约”可以解决承诺跟交付不一致的问题，所以说作为一个新兴的技术架构，区块链技术一举解决了互联网没能解决的三个关键问题，是构建诚信体系的利器。
The Internet, as a network for the transmission of information, is difficult to secure the safe transmission of values, while the block chain solves the “double flower” problem, allowing it to transmit both information and value, so that the block chain is considered a “value Internet.” Moreover, the “smart contract” of the block chain solves the problem of inconsistency between promises and delivery, so, as an emerging technological architecture, block chain technology solves three key issues that the Internet has not been able to address, and is a powerful instrument for building a good faith system.
邹均说，将区块链技术运用到现实生活中，可以构建一种去中心化的信任机制，也就是说，利用区块链技术，可以跳过银行、不用支付宝，就可以低成本、高效地建立交易双方的信任。
According to Zou, applying block chain technology to real life can create a decentralised trust mechanism, that is to say, using block chain technology, you can leapfrog banks without paying for treasures and build trust between the parties to the transaction at low cost and efficiently.
区块链是如何产生的
区块链技术的颠覆性在于，它可以构建一种去中心化的信任机制。也就是说，利用区块链技术，可以跳过银行、不用支付宝，就可以低成本、高效地建立交易双方的信任。
The destabilizing nature of block chain technology is that it can build a decentralised trust mechanism. That is, using block chain technology, it can leapfrog banks without paying for treasures, and it can create trust between the parties to the transaction at low cost and efficiently.
中关村区块链产业联盟专家邹均说，区块链是互联网发展到一定阶段，人们不满足于互联网的信息传递功能，而希望互联网能承载价值传递的需求驱动而产生的。
According to Zou, an expert from the China-Kojiang Block Chain Industry Union, the block chain is generated by the demand-driven nature of the Internet, which is not satisfied with its information transfer function.
人类进入信息化社会时代之后，经济活动也逐渐转到线上，而线上的经济活动需要线上支付的支持。线上支付主要通过电子货币的方式进行。常见的电子货币包括信用卡、银行储蓄卡、预付卡、第三方支付等，不同形式的电子货币应用于不同的场景，优缺点也各有不同。比如信用卡存在信用风险高、非匿名且费用高等缺点；银行储蓄卡则有非匿名以及应用范围小的缺点；而预付卡主要用于线下，而且安全性较差；第三方支付如微信、支付宝等使用非常方便，但缺点也在于非匿名，更为重要的是第三方机构会掌握我们的交易信息。现金作为独立货币，不依赖第三方机构即可实现支付，因此它具有便捷性和匿名性，但不能用于线上交易。
When humans enter the age of an information society, economic activity gradually shifts to the line, and online economic activity requires support from online payments. The online payments are made mainly through electronic money. Common electronic currencies, including credit cards, bank savings cards, prepaid cards, third-party payments, etc., are used in different contexts and have different advantages and disadvantages. For example, credit cards have high credit risk, non-noonyy, and high costs; bank savings cards have non-noonyy and a small range of disadvantages; prepaid cards are used mainly under the line and are less secure; third-party payments, such as micro-mails, payment treasures, etc., are very easy to use, but the disadvantages are also non-nomous, and it is more important that third-party institutions have access to information about our transactions. Cash, as an independent currency, can be paid without reliance on third-party institutions, and it is therefore easy and anonymous, but cannot be used for line-line transactions.
到了二十世纪八十年代，国外很多人开始寻求用加密货币代替现金，推出类似电子现金类产品，但最后都没有成功。原因有三：一是电子现金依赖中心化机制防止“双花”。所谓“双花”，就是同一笔现金两次或多次消费的欺诈行为；二是电子现金不支持个人对个人的支付；三是银行和商家不太积极采用电子现金，他们更多使用信用卡。
By the 1980’s, many people abroad began to seek to replace cash with encrypted currency and introduced products similar to electronic cash, but ultimately failed. Three reasons were: e-cash dependency mechanisms to prevent “double flowers”; so-called “double flowers” were fraudulent practices in which the same cash was consumed twice or more times; e-cash did not support individual payments; and e-cash was less active in the use of e-cash by banks and traders, who used credit cards more frequently.
2008年美国爆发经济危机，多个国家相继采用货币宽松政策来刺激经济。在这样的背景下，一个化名“中本聪”的人发表了有关比特币的论文。这是一个P2P对等的电子现金系统，中本聪希望找到一种电子现金，既可以做线上支付，也能满足便捷性、交易的匿名性等要求，同时不受中心化的机构影响，而且这种电子现金的设计必须保障不会产生通货膨胀；2009年1月3日比特币电子现金系统上线。比特币作为电子现金，特点在于不依赖银行，而是个人对个人，另外它的半匿名性使得无须提供身份认证即可交易，它是通过挖矿也即工作量证明机制来解决双花问题的；2010年5月一个叫Laszlo的程序员用10000个比特币买了一个价值25美元的比萨，这是比特币的第一笔实体交易。此后，比特币价格忽涨忽跌，但从2016年开始价格飞涨。到2017年底，比特币价格竟然达到令人咂舌的1万美元。
In the context of the 2008 economic crisis in the United States, a number of countries followed a monetary easing policy to stimulate the economy. A paper on Bitcoin was published by a p2P e-cash system, with a p2P equivalent e-cash system that wanted to find e-cash that could be paid online and that could meet the requirements of ease, anonymity, etc., without centralizing institutions, and that such e-cash design had to guarantee that inflation would not occur; the Bitcoin e-cash system went online on 3 January 2009. Bitcoin, as an electronic cash system, was characterized by not relying on banks, but by individual-to-person transactions, and its half-nosity, which made it possible to deal without identity certification.
正是价格暴涨暴跌的比特币引爆了区块链的概念，因为采用区块链实现的比特币是一个去中心化、分布式的账本系统，由全网对所有交易历史进行记录，而记录的过程俗称“挖矿”、参与记录的人被称为“矿工”、每次交易最后只有最先算出来的人经过全网确认获得记录权，并获得奖励——一定数额的比特币，这种方式做到了全网认同和监督，交易历史可追溯、无法篡改、真实完整和公平公正。
It is the bitcoin, whose price surges and falls, that activates the concept of the block chain, because the bitcoin, achieved by the block chain, is a decentralized, distributed accounting system that records all transactions on the whole web, the process of which is commonly referred to as “mining”, the process of which is referred to as “miners”, the process of recording which is referred to as “miners”, the right to record each transaction is ultimately confirmed by the first person to be counted on the net only and is rewarded — a certain amount of bitcoin — in a way that provides full web recognition and oversight, and that the transaction history is retroactive, unalterable, genuinely complete and fair.
区块链是如何应用的
区块链现在是全球创新领域最受关注的技术，真格基金创始人徐小平甚至用“顺之者昌，逆之者亡”来阐述跟上区块链革命的重要性。
The block chain is now the technology of greatest interest in the area of global innovation, and the founder of the Genuine Fund, Xiaoping Xiaoping, has even elaborated on the importance of keeping up with the revolution in the block chain with the words “the happy, the dead”.
区块链技术被应用最为人熟知的场景，便是以比特币为代表的虚拟货币。在比特币走过的8年的时间里，比特币曾一度运行得较为稳定，在没有拥有者也没有实际控制人的前提下，实现了虚拟货币的发行、流通、交易和支付，是比较成功的区块链应用。
The scene where block chain technology is most well-known is the virtual currency represented by bitcoin. In the eight years that Bitcoin has gone by, bitcoin has been relatively stable, and the distribution, circulation, trading, and payment of virtual currency without the owner or the person who actually controls it is a more successful block chain application.
其实，区块链技术自诞生起至今，其应用已从数字虚拟货币，逐步渗透至社会的各行各业，并开始展现出其“构建信任”的价值。北京航空航天大学计算机学院教授蔡维德说，围绕区块链技术能够创造非常丰富的服务和产品，比特币只是区块链巨大应用空间的冰山一角。
Indeed, since its inception, block chain technology has been applied from digital virtual currency to every industry in society and has begun to show its value as a “building trust.” Professor Choi Wedd, at the Faculty of Computers of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, said that block chain technology can create a very rich supply of services and products, and Bitcoin is just the tip of the iceberg in the vast space of application of the block chain.
目前区块链技术基本上可以涵盖到所有的金融领域，建立在数字货币区块链软件之上的应用程序已达数百种之多。在国外，一些基于区块链技术支持的数字资产正在被研发、创造和试验，如纳斯达克的智能股票，不需要交易所、结算公司，甚至不需要经纪公司，目前有6家公司在上面试验自动交易、自动结算。
At present, block chain technology can cover virtually all areas of finance, with hundreds of applications based on digital money block chain software. Outside the country, digital assets based on block chain technical support are being developed, created, and tested, such as Nasdak’s smart stock, which does not require an exchange, a clearing firm, or even a brokerage company, on which six companies are currently experimenting with automated transactions and settlements.
能源行业也可以通过智能合约基于一些特定条件实现自动的执行、交易，这些未来会更多地出现，包括家庭的发电、售电、购电记录、电网的支付等。英国布鲁克林的一个街区里，一些居民区各自用太阳能发电，他们互相可以买卖，可以通过区块链的一个平台做交易。
The energy sector can also be automatically executed and traded through smart contracts based on specific conditions, which will appear more frequently in the future, including household power generation, the sale of electricity, the purchase of electricity records, and the payment of electricity grids. In a neighborhood in Brooklyn, some neighbourhoods use solar power, and they can buy and sell each other, and trade through a platform in the chain.
碳交易的市场也可以采用区块链技术提高透明度、公平性，避免重复计算，以前这是碳交易很容易出现的问题。此外，土地确权、土地的一些流转交易同样可以采用区块链技术。
Markets for carbon trading can also use block chain techniques to improve transparency and fairness, and avoid double counting, which was a problem that used to be easy for carbon trading. In addition, block chain technologies can also be used for land titling and for some of the trans-shipments of land.
在教育方面，区块链也有广泛应用前景，如可以简化验证学历所需的步骤，在很大程度上消除不必要的文书工作，想象一下，未来没有实体的纸质证书来认证个人资格，这将使目前冗长的过程变得轻而易举。
In education, there are also prospects for extensive application of block chains, such as the simplification of the steps required to verify educational qualifications, the elimination of unnecessary paperwork to a large extent, and the perception that the absence of future entity paper certificates to certify individual qualifications will make the current lengthy process easier.
国内几大互联网巨头早已投入区块链技术的运用，如腾讯自两年前已开始自研区块链底层技术，目前已在金融、公益、法务、物流等多个领域进入商业应用阶段；阿里则已将区块链技术应用于正品追溯、医疗、公益等多个领域；而百度、京东、小米、华为等国内知名企业无一例外都已布局区块链应用。
Several of the country's major Internet giants have already invested in the use of block chain technology, such as Tetsu, which has been self-researched since two years ago, and have now entered the commercial application phase in a number of areas, including finance, public goods, legal affairs and logistics; Ali has applied block chain technology in a number of areas, such as positive traceability, medical care and public goods; and 100-degree, Kyoutung, Mi and Hua, among other well-known domestic enterprises, have, without exception, deployed the block chain.
中国科学院计算技术研究所战略研究主管范灵俊说，未来区块链必将成为新一代互联网的基础设施，基于区块链的应用生态也必将爆发，犹如今天的“互联网+”，“区块链+”的概念必将火爆全球。区块链+能源，区块链+教育，区块链+健康，区块链+汽车，甚至区块链+数据……
Fan Ling Jun, Director of Strategic Research at the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that the future block chain would surely become the infrastructure of the new generation of the Internet, as would the application of ecology based on the block chain, like today's “Internet+”, the concept of “block chain+” would explode globally. The block chain + energy, block chain + education, block chain + health, block chain + automobile, and even block chain + data.
基于区块链的应用，今后将无处不在。本报记者 蔡文清
Based on the application of the block chain, it will be everywhere in the future.
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