技術進步推動的犯罪、洗錢和恐怖主義從行為上越來越難以被偵測與阻止，全球應對機制的缺失更加劇了這種局面。
Technological advances in crime, money laundering and terrorism are becoming increasingly difficult to detect and stop, and the absence of global coping mechanisms is even more dramatic.
只要犯罪存在利益動機，其行為就可以通過貨幣的方式進行追蹤，保證貨幣的可追蹤可能是我們面對不斷興起的運用科技手段在全球搭建非法和犯罪網路的最後堡壘。如果我們放任基於加密技術的數字化貨幣游離于監管系統之外，所有的努力都將功虧一簣。
As long as there is an incentive for crime, its actions can be traced through the currency, which may be the last bastion of illegal and criminal networks around the globe in the face of the constant rise of technology. If we allow digitalized currency based on encryption to move away from the surveillance system, all efforts will be lost.
全球決策者需要聯手啟動對數字貨幣的監管，也應該從中吸取教訓，正是公眾對當前信用貨幣體系的擔憂才造就了數字貨幣滋生的土壤。數字貨幣像一面鏡子，能反射出問題，然而卻絕非解決之道。
Global policymakers need to work together to initiate surveillance of digital currency, and learn from it. It is the public’s concern about the current system of credit money that has created the soil of digital currency. Digital currency, like a mirror, reflects problems, but is not a solution.
正如蘋果公司CEO庫克最近在MIT的演講所忠告的那樣：人類需要擔心的不是機器越來越像人類，而是人類越來越像機器。人性、人類和經濟社會的秩序需要公平和有遠見的規則和監管的守護，儘管這些規則本身很難完美。
As the Apple company CEO Cook advised in his recent MIT speech: Humans need to worry not about machines becoming more human, but about humans becoming more and more like machines. The human, human, and economic order requires fair and far-sighted rules and oversight, though these rules are not perfect in themselves.
1.被打開的潘多拉魔盒
1. Open Pandora Box
科技的進步使大部分人感受到再無隱私可言，個人資訊、喜好、去向、消費無一不暴露在數據中心面前。人們在享用因此帶來的便捷和無所不在的服務同時，也開始感到不安，卻又無可奈何。
Advances in technology have led most people to feel no more private, personal information, preferences, destination, and consumption are all exposed to the data center. People are beginning to be troubled by the ease and ubiquitous nature of the services they bring.
2017年5月全球爆發的大規模WannaCry（又稱Wanna Decryptor）勒索病毒向我們展示了硬幣的這一面帶來的可怕未來的冰山一角。
In May 2017, a massive global outbreak of the WannaCry (also known as the Wanna Decryptor) extortion virus showed us the tip of an iceberg of a terrible future brought about by this side of the coin.
WannaCry讓人們以新的視角關注網路犯罪和基於分佈式網路的數字貨幣比特幣，也第一次讓很多人聽到了暗網（darknet）的存在。
For the first time, WannaCry has made it possible for many people to hear the presence of darknets by focusing on cybercrimes with new perspectives and digital bitcoins based on distributed networks.
這件事情可以簡單歸納如下：
This can be easily attributed as follows:
一種政府開發的“網路武器”被匿名的駭客竊取，被竊取的網路武器流入到暗網從而再難被追蹤；一個（或者幾個）人以匿名的方式從暗網取得（或者購買了）該網路武器去攻擊全球的電腦，並且勒索一定量的加密且難以被查清去向的數字貨幣；在一定程度上這種攻擊失去了控制，以至於大量的公共設施成為了被襲擊的目標，而在普遍的認識裏，只有國與國之間的網路戰才會涉及這些目標，聰明的犯罪者會儘量避開這些目標從而避免被激怒的政府猛烈的反擊。
A government-initiated “Internet weapon” has been stolen by anonymous hackers, and stolen Internet weapons have been introduced into the dark web, which is difficult to trace; an (or several) anonymously acquired (or purchased) from the dark web to attack computers around the globe and extorted a certain amount of encrypted and unclarified digital currency; to some extent, the attack has lost control, making a large number of public facilities the target of the attack, and it is widely recognized that only a national-to-national cyberwarfare will address these goals, and smart criminals will try to avoid them from the fierce counterattacks of the angry government.
2.暗沉水下的網路世界：表層網路、深網和暗網
2. Underwater network world: surface networks, deep networks and dark networks
勒索病毒讓暗網成為了一個新的流行名詞，那麼這究竟是什麼？
The blackmail virus has made the Internet a new popular word, so what is it?
我們將現實世界的網路分為表層網路（Surface Web）和深網（Deep Web），而暗網則是深網中的一部分。
We divide the real world into surface web and Deep Web, which are part of the deep web.
深網與表層網路相對應，後者是大部分人接觸到的網際網路。如果將網際網路世界比喻為一個海洋，那麼那些可以用搜索引擎（谷歌、百度或者是必應）搜索到的有索引的網路是表層網路。在此之下，就是深網，深網資源沒有被索引，也無法使用常規的搜索引擎搜索。
Deep networks correspond to surface networks, followed by networks that are accessed by most people. If the Internet world is likened to an ocean, those indexed networks that can be searched by search engines (Google, 100 degrees, or required) are surface networks.
理論上深網有多龐大不得而知，但業內普遍估計深網的規模要遠大於表層網路。
The theory is how big the web is, but it is generally estimated to be much larger in industry than the surface network.
深網網站數量可能是表層網路的400到500倍，最大的60個深網網站存儲的數據幾乎相等於整個表層網路數據的40倍（Daniel Sui，2015）。正規機構也會在深網中建立了自己的網站，比如美國國會圖書館、美國人口普查局和經濟數據網站Freelunch.com等，另外即時通訊伺服器也存在於深網之中。
Deep Web sites may be 400 to 500 times the number of surface networks, with the largest 60 deep Web sites containing almost 40 times as much data as the entire surface network data (Daniel Sui, 2015). The institutions that are in the process of doing so will also create their own web sites in the deep web, such as the Library of the United States Congress, the United States Census Bureau and the Economic Data website Freelench.com, as well as an instant communication server.
圖1 你看到的是哪的網路？
Figure 1. What network do you see?
來源：http://www.brandpowder.com
暗網（Darknet）是深網的一部分，也是增長最快的部分。一般而言，暗網指的深網中以匿名的方式通過分佈式網路交換數據的部分，與淺層網路與大部分的深網不同，大部分的暗網都只能以匿名方式進入。
Darknet is part of the deep web, and it is the fastest growing part. In general, the dark web refers to those parts of the deep web that exchange data in an anonymous way through the distributed network, unlike the shallow network and most of the deep web, most of the dark webs can only be accessed anonymously.
暗網依託于加密技術，而技術並無善惡之分。很多暗網用戶的行為不一定非法，比如記者通過暗網來交流資訊，那些擔心被政府迫害的反對者也通過暗網來傳播資訊。
Dark Internet is based on encryption technology, and technology is not good or bad. Many dark Internet users do not necessarily act illegally, such as journalists who exchange information via dark Internet, and those who fear being persecuted by the government who are opposed to it.
洋蔥路由（Tor）是目前以匿名方式登錄暗網的主要手段之一，每一個連接洋蔥路由器的電腦都可以設立一個網站。人們可以連接這個網站，但卻不知道其身在何處。美國海軍研究實驗室是洋蔥路由器的發明者和傳播者。美國政府仍然在繼續發展匿名領域的科技並且對其進行推廣。2010年，洋蔥伺服器還獲得了自由軟體基金會（the Free Software Foundation）的2010年年度社會福利自由軟體獎。
The US Navy Research Laboratory is the inventor and transmitter of onion routers. The US government is still developing and promoting anonymous domain technology. In 2010, the Onion Server also received the FreeSoftware Foundation's 2010 annual Social Welfare Free Software Award.
另外，大蒜路由“I2P”（匿名的網路項目，屬於動態分佈式網路，）也越來越普及。其設計理念是不信任網路中的任何一方，所有數據都加密。
In addition, the garlic road is becoming more popular by means of "I2P" (an anonymous Internet project, which is a dynamic distributed network). The idea is that no one in the network is trusted, and all data is encrypted.
3.失控的黑暗世界：犯罪、毒品、洗錢和恐怖交易
The uncontrollable Dark World: Crime, Drugs, Money Laundering and Terrorist Trade
網路技術的進步正將世界裂變為兩種形態：在網路的一面，人們覺得自己一直被一雙看不見的眼睛盯著；而在另一面，我們可以比過去任何時間都要隱藏的更深。
Advances in Internet technology are transforming the world into two forms: on the one side of the Internet, people feel they have been watched by invisible eyes, and on the other side, we can hide deeper than any other time in the past.
暗網讓每個人都躲在面具背後，在這裡我們可以看到失去約束之後世界的樣子。
The dark net allows everyone to hide behind the mask, and here we can see the world after losing the bonds.
2013年10月1日絲綢之路被關閉是很多人對暗網了解的啟蒙。
The closure of the Silk Road on 1 October 2013 was an inspiration for many who knew about the dark web.
外號“恐懼海盜羅伯特”的烏布利希（Ross Willian Ulbricht）在2011年創辦絲綢之路網站時的目標是建立一個可以不被政府查獲的線上犯罪市場。在之後的一段時間內絲綢之路網站聲名鵲起，被譽為毒品界的亞馬遜（Amazon）和易趣（Ebay）。
The goal of Ross Willian Ulbricht, a foreign name known as the Pirate Roberts, was to create an online crime market that could not be detected by the government in 2011 when he created the Silk Road website. In the ensuing period, the Silk Road website became famous, and was reputed to be the drug industry's Amazon and Ebay.
與其他網路購物平臺一樣，在絲綢之路上，商家同樣會受到買家的評論，包括商品品質、物流時間等等。但不同的是，通過匿名伺服器顧客從未真正接入商家的真正地址（IP地址），反之亦然。
As with other Internet shopping platforms, on the Silk Road, traders are also criticized by buyers, including the quality of goods, logistics time, etc. The difference is that customers through anonymous servers never actually access the real address (IP address) of the business, and vice versa.
圖2 絲綢之路網頁截圖
Figure 2 Silk Road Webshot
來源：Global Drug Policy Observatory，Swansea University
美國聯邦調查局（FBI）花了相當長的時間才搞清楚了這家眾所週知網站的實際控制人。在絲綢之路網站最終被關閉後，FBI判斷，絲綢之路在2013年6月前總成交量超過12億美元（以當時價格的比特幣計算），有超過15萬的匿名用戶以及大概4000個左右的供應商。
It took the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) a long time to figure out the actual controllers of this well-known site. After the closure of the Silk Road site, the FBI ruled that the Silk Road was worth more than $1.2 billion (in Bitcoins at that time) by June 2013, with over 150,000 anonymous users and about 4,000 suppliers.
基於暗網的犯罪行為不僅僅限于毒品，也並沒有在絲綢之路關閉後收斂，這些犯罪行為還包括買兇殺人、付費觀看人類屠戮、性交易、幼兒色情圖片、非法證件交易等等。
Criminal acts based on the dark web, which are not limited to drugs, and which have not been collected after the closure of the Silk Road, include the purchase of murderers, the payment of fees to watch human slaughter, the sex trade, child pornography, the illegal trade in documents, etc.
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