前言
Foreword to
近年来，由于虚拟货币去中心化、隐蔽性强的特性，使得通过虚拟货币洗钱成为一种常见的洗钱手段。又因其数量的有限性和获取的难度越来越高，使其成为投资、融资的新宠。
In recent years, money-laundering through virtual currency has become a common method of money-laundering as a result of the centralization and concealment of virtual currency. And because of its limited number and the difficulty of obtaining it, it has become a new asset for investment and financing.
在涉虚拟货币类犯罪中，根据犯罪主体和行为方式大致可以分为三类：（1）利用虚拟货币实施犯罪。包括个人利用虚拟货币实施犯罪，也包括组织、机构等利用虚拟货币实施犯罪。（2）虚拟货币的交易平台实施犯罪。这种主要是指虚拟货币交易所，常为公众所熟知的如火币网、币安网等就是这类主体。（3）针对虚拟货币实施的犯罪。例如，因为盗取、骗取他人虚拟货币而构成犯罪。本文主要讨论的是第一种和第二种结合的情况，即虚拟货币交易所可能涉及的罪名。
In the case of virtual currency-related crimes, there are broadly three types of crime depending on the subject and the manner in which the offence is committed: (1) the crime is committed using a virtual currency. This includes offences committed by individuals using a virtual currency, including organizations, institutions, etc. The crime is committed by a virtual currency trading platform.
虚拟货币在我国的管控趋势
Virtual currency control trend in our country
2013年中国人民银行等五部委发布的《关于防范比特币风险的通知》（以下简称《通知》）中要求，“提供比特币登记、交易等服务的互联网站应当在电信管理机构备案。电信管理机构根据相关管理部门的认定和处罚意见，依法对违法比特币互联网站予以关闭。”彼时，虚拟货币交易所只要经过备案，就可提供合法合规的虚拟货币登记、交易等中介服务。
The 2013 Circular on Protection against Bitcoin Risk (hereinafter referred to as the Notice) issued by five ministries, including the People's Bank of China, requires that “Internet stations providing services such as Bitcoin registration, transactions, etc. shall be filed with the telecommunications authority. The telecommunications authority shall close down the illegal Bitcoin Internet site in accordance with the law, on the basis of the determination and punitive opinion of the relevant authority.” When the virtual currency exchange is filed, it may provide intermediaries for legally compliant virtual currency registers, transactions, etc.
到了2017年9月4日，网信办等七部委发布的《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》（以下简称《代币公告》）明确规定，“本公告发布之日起，任何所谓的【代币融资交易平台】不得从事法定货币与代币、“虚拟货币”相互之间的兑换业务，不得买卖或作为中央对手方买卖代币或“虚拟货币”，不得为代币或“虚拟货币”提供定价、信息中介等服务。”
By 4 September 2017, the Proclamation on Protection against the Risk of Financing the Issue of Currency (hereinafter referred to as the Decimal Proclamation) issued by seven ministries, including the Internet Office, specified that “at the date of the publication of this Proclamation, no so-called [money-financing transaction platform] shall be engaged in the exchange of the legal currency and the currency, the “virtual currency”, the purchase or sale of the currency or the “virtual currency” as a central counterpart, or the provision of pricing, information intermediation, etc. for the currency or “virtual currency”.
该公告发布后，2017年9月15日，火币网暂停注册、人民币充值业务，并将于9月30日前通知所有用户即将停止交易。2017年9月30日，比特币中国也停止了数字资产交易平台的所有交易业务。
Following the announcement, on September 15, 2017, the network suspended registration, charging of the renminbi, and will inform all users of the imminent cessation of the transaction by September 30, 2017. On September 30, 2017, Bitcoin China also suspended all trading operations of the Digital Asset Trading Platform.
前不久，中国互联网金融协会等三大协会发布的《关于防范虚拟货币交易炒作风险的公告》（以下简称《虚拟货币公告》）再次重申，“广大消费者要增强风险意识，树立正确的投资理念，不参与虚拟货币交易炒作活动，谨防个人财产及权益受损。从我国现有司法实践看，虚拟货币交易合同不受法律保护，投资交易造成的后果和引发的损失由相关方自行承担。各会员单位要严格落实国家有关监管要求，恪守行业自律承诺，坚决不开展、不参与任何与虚拟货币相关的业务活动。”
More recently, three major associations, such as the China Internet Finance Association (CIFA), have reiterated their view that “consumers need to be more aware of the risks involved, develop sound investment concepts, and refrain from participating in virtual currency transactions, and protect against damage to their personal property and interests.” According to our current judicial practice, contracts for virtual currency transactions are not protected by law, and the consequences and losses of investment transactions are borne by the parties concerned.
虽然从法律性质上来讲，三大发布的公告属于一种行业内的规范，基本没有强制效力。但结合2013年的《通知》、2017年的《代币公告》来看，目前我国对于虚拟货币的态度愈发明确，即个人参与风险自担，机构禁止参与任何与虚拟货币有关的业务。
Although, by the nature of the law, the three issuing bulletins are a norm within an industry, with little mandatory effect. But, in the light of the 2013 Circular, the 2017 Declaration of the Currency, it is becoming increasingly clear that our approach to virtual money is that individuals are involved in risk-taking and that institutions are prohibited from engaging in any business related to virtual money.
在这种趋势下，虚拟货币交易所的生存空间将更加狭小，也由此诞生了许多隐蔽性更强、风险更大的小型虚拟货币交易所。接下来，笔者将结合案例分析此类虚拟货币交易所的刑事法律风险。
As a result of this trend, the existence of a virtual currency exchange will become more narrow, thus giving rise to many smaller, more hidden and risky virtual currency exchanges. Next, I will analyse the criminal legal risks of such a virtual currency exchange in the context of case studies.
虚拟货币交易所可能涉及的罪名
Possible charges at the Virtual Currency Exchange
一、组织领导传销活动罪
i. Organization of a distribution campaign
案例：时某等15人组织、领导传销活动案（权威案例）——盐城市中级人民法院
case: The case of a 15-person organization, leading distribution (authority case) - Salt City Intermediate People's Court
案件事实：2017年12月，时某谋划成立亚泰坊传销组织，委托深圳华某未来科技有限公司实际负责人赵某等在互联网上搭建亚泰坊传销平台。2018年上半年，时某等人通过召开会议、路演、微信群等方式公开宣传平台奖励制度，在宣传过程中假借国家“一带一路”政策，虚构海外投资项目，在无任何实际经营活动的情况下，谎称境外金融公司授权平台发行亚泰坊币，可信度高、收益高。投资者如要投资亚泰坊币，需要通过上线会员推荐并缴纳会费，才能成为亚泰坊平台的会员。会员按照推荐发展的顺序形成上下层级关系，可发展无限层级，以直接或间接发展下线会员的投资提成作为主要收益方式。
During the first half of 2018, a public promotion platform incentive system, such as a conference, a road show, a micro-credit group, was introduced in the course of advocacy, using the State's “one-way” policy to fabricate offshore investment projects and, in the absence of any real business activity, `strong' falsely described the offshore finance company's authorized platform to issue the Yata currency with high credibility and returns
手段概括：成立一个组织——搭建一个数字货币平台——通过各种方式宣传平台，吸引人成为平台会员——按照推荐发展的顺序形成上下层级关系，可发展无限层级。
同时，行为人安排组织成员在数字资产交易平台上线其自设的数字货币进行公开交易，利用收取的会费控制该数字货币在平台上的交易价格，制造投资该货币可以赚钱的假象从而继续吸引人加入。
At the same time, the perpetrator arranged for the organization's members to open their own digital currency on the digital asset trading platform, using the collected contributions to control the price of the digital currency's transactions on the platform, creating the illusion that the currency could be invested to make money and thus continue to attract participation.
二、诈骗罪
案例：张某等诈骗案 （2020）浙07刑终648号——金华市中级人民法院
case: 07 final 648 - Intermediate People's Court of the City of Kimhua
案件事实：2018年6月份以来，梁某等人为股东的西安多链网络科技有限公司，开发了具有操纵数字货币价格功能的A k o e x等数字货币交易平台。2018年10月份，梁某将A k o e x数字货币交易平台提供给杨某等人共同运营，并收取研发费及技术维护费。杨某等人为获取非法利益，招募被告人张某等人组成业务团队，招募王某组成操盘手团队，招募梁某2组成讲师团队等，诱骗被害人购买PCE等数字货币，并操纵数字货币价格走势，导致被害人黄某1、黄某2等数百人亏损，骗取被害人的钱款共计人民币6548万余元。
手段概括：【虚拟货币式“杀猪盘”】开发一个具有操控数字货币价格功能的数字货币交易平台——把平台提供给别人或者自己用——通过招募操盘手团队、讲师团队，诱骗被害人购买数字货币——背后操控数字货币价格走势——骗取被害人钱款。
三、集资诈骗罪/非法吸收公众存款罪
iii. Money-raising fraud/illegal absorption of public deposits
案例：夏某、富某、宣某等集资诈骗 （2020）浙刑终9号——浙江省高级人民法院/凌某、楼某非法吸收公众存款案（2019）浙0111刑初1060号——杭州市富阳区人民法院(两个案子是一个组织的人员，根据其行为性质分案处理)
case:
案件事实：2016年5月底6月初，被告人夏某与他人共谋以服务器设在境外的能量锎平台为依托，进行非法集资牟利。夏某与平台方商定在境内推广能量锎“投资”平台。而后，夏某伙同富某、宣某等人，明知能量锎平台并无实际经营项目，仍以其实际控制的浙江冠信生物科技有限公司等名义，在浙江、上海等地多次组织召开能量锎“投资”平台推广会，通过宣传投资能量锎只涨不跌、稳赚不赔，吸引社会公众。为营造能量锎只涨不跌的假象，夏某等人伙同平台操控锎币单价持续上涨。同时，夏某等人以“打模拟”（即预测对赌游戏）、“精灵挖矿”赚取锎币可获得高额回报为诱饵，诱使“投资者”加大出资。
The facts of the `strong' case: At the end of May and the beginning of June 2016, , the defendant, Xia, who conspired with others to profit from illegal fund-raising on the basis of a server-based energy platform located abroad. agreed with the platform to promote an energy-rich “investment” platform within the country . Then, Xia, together with Fu, announced someone who knew that the `strong' energy platform did not actually operate , organized several sessions of the energy-rich “investment” platform in Zhejiang, Shanghai, etc., in the name of its de facto controlled Zhejiang crown biotech company, to “simulating” (i.e. predicting gambling games), and “spill mining” to attract the public.
手段概括：与虚拟货币投资平台/建立一个平台合作，以该平台为依托——以投资该平台可以获得虚拟货币涨价等高回报为诱饵，通过各种线上线下方式吸引公众投资该平台，从而吸收公众存款。
是否涉及非法经营罪的个人观点
案例：罗某、裴某非法经营案（2020）湘0502刑初75号——湖南省邵阳市双清区法院 Case No. 75 at the beginning of the sentence of 0502 in the case of the illegal dealings of Rhode and Pei (2020) - Di-Qing District Court, Shuyang City, Hunan Province 案件事实：2018年8月份被告人罗某与裴某商议合作开澳洲交易所（以下简称澳交所），由裴某负责技术、开发、运营服务等，罗某提供资金并发动VPAY的用户人群上澳交所交易。10月22日左右，澳交所发行一个稳定代币VRT币并打通了和VPAY平台的通道。由裴某在澳交所上出售，出售价格为1元/1个，并收取1%的手续费。 In August 2018, the defendant opened the Australian Exchange (hereinafter referred to as the Australasia Exchange) in cooperation with Pei, a group of users responsible for technology, development, business services, etc., who financed and launched VPAY. On or about 22 October, Australasia issued a stable token VRT and opened access to the VPAY platform. 法院认为：被告人罗某、裴某违反国家规定，经营代币融资交易平台、发行代币吸收资金，进行非法网络平台的经营活动，扰乱市场秩序，情节严重，其行为均已构成非法经营罪。 The 构成非法经营罪要求行为人违反国家规定，实施非法经营行为，刑法第二百二十五条规定了四类非法经营行为，由于虚拟货币并非专营专卖物品，也非证券、期货，如果要将提供虚拟货币交易的行为认定为非法经营行为，只能适用该罪第四项的兜底规定：其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为。 The offence of constituting an illegal business requires the perpetrator to commit an illegal business act in violation of the provisions of the State. Article 225 of the Penal Code provides for four types of illegal business. Since the virtual currency is not a proprietary item, nor are it securities or futures, if the provision of a virtual currency transaction is to be considered illegal, only the fourth operative clause of the offence may be applied: other illegal operations that seriously disturb the order of the market. 如此一来，重点就在于提供虚拟货币交易的行为是否违反了国家规定。非法经营罪中的国家规定仅限于狭义上的法律和行政法规，只有违反了这两类规定，才有构成非法经营罪的可能。 Thus, the focus is on whether the provision of virtual currency transactions is contrary to national regulations. State provisions in the offence of illegal business are limited to laws and administrative regulations in the narrow sense, and only violations of these two types of provisions are likely to constitute the offence of illegal business. 如上所述，无论是《通知》、《代币公告》还是《虚拟货币公告》，均不属于狭义上的法律和行政法规。因此，提供虚拟货币交易的行为目前尚无法律和行政法规层级的规定加以规制，因此无法构成非法经营罪。 As noted above, neither the Notice, the Currency Proclamation nor the Virtual Currency Proclamation are legal and administrative regulations in the narrow sense. Therefore, the provision of virtual currency transactions is not currently regulated at the legal and administrative level and cannot therefore constitute an offence of illegal operation. 不过从2020年10月份的《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法（修订草案征求意见稿）》第二十二条来看：“任何单位和个人不得制作、发售代币票券和数字代币，以代替人民币在市场上流通。”如果该草案通过，提供虚拟货币交易的行为就有了构成非法经营罪的法律依据。 However, according to article 22 of the People's Bank of China Law of October 2020 (Advised Draft of the Revised Draft), “No unit or individual shall make or issue in exchange for the circulation of the renminbi in the market by producing and selling coupons and digital tokens.” If adopted, the provision of virtual currency transactions would have the legal basis for the offence of illegal operations. 结语 在虚拟货币交易政策不断收紧的当下，虚拟货币交易所的生存空间几乎等同于没有。但仍有不少人铤而走险，建设、利用虚拟货币交易平台获利。但抱着非法目的经营交易所的行为必然会受到打击，本文结合目前国家对于虚拟货币的政策、实务中对虚拟货币交易的态度，对虚拟货币交易所的刑事法律风险稍作提示。 There are still many who risk building and using virtual money-trading platforms for profit. But operating an exchange for illegal purposes is bound to be countered.
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