目前新型冠狀病毒疫情造成的經濟損失和社會影響仍在持續。如何戰勝疫情並早日恢復社會正常的生產和生活秩序？除了期待之中的宏觀調控、有效監管以及調動醫護人員趕往前線等強有力措施以外，加快應用新技術助力疫情監控、醫療物資的生產調配以及公益慈善工作的有效開展也成為新的重要研究課題。
The economic losses and social impacts of the new coronary virus epidemic are still ongoing. How to defeat the epidemic and restore social order and order of life at an early date? In addition to the ambitious measures that are expected, effective supervision and the movement of medical staff to the front line, accelerating the deployment of new technologies to assist surveillance of the epidemic, the production of medical supplies, and the effective development of public-interest philanthropy have also become important new research topics.
2019年10月，中共中央總書記習近平在中央政治局第十八次集體學習時強調，區塊鏈技術的集成應用在新的技術革新和產業變革中起著重要作用。總書記指出，要把區塊鏈作為核心技術自主創新的重要突破口，明確主攻方向，加大投入力度，著力攻克一批關鍵核心技術，加快推動區塊鏈技術和產業創新發展。目前，區塊鏈技術應用已延伸到數字金融、物聯網、智能制造、供應鏈管理、數字資產交易等多個領域。全球主要國家都在加快布局區塊鏈技術發展。
In October 2019, the Central Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Jinping, during the 18th Central Bureau of Political Science, stressed that the integrated applications of block-link technology played an important role in new technological innovations and industrial transformations. The General Secretary pointed out that district chains should be used as an important new entry point for core technology to create new and autonomous breakthroughs, to make clear the direction of the attack, to increase investment, and to accelerate the development of critical core technologies and industries. At present, the use of sector-link technology has been extended to a number of domains, such as digital finance, networking, smart manufacturing, supply chain management, and digital capital trading.
區塊鏈技術具有“分布式”、“去中心化”、“不可篡改”、“透明性”等諸多特性和優勢，在此次疫情中，區塊鏈技術不但在慈善捐贈追蹤、疫情追蹤以及醫療數據管理、醫療用品和藥品溯源方面有所應用，而且有利於在社區疫情防控過程中實現社區人員流動的精准管理和動態監測。在跨機構跨地域的信息信任以及協作，打破醫療領域信息孤島等問題上，區塊鏈技術具有天然優勢。
In the context of the “distribution”, “decentralization”, “non-manufacturing”, “transparency” and other characteristics and advantages of the sector chain technology, which is not only relevant for charitable tracking, disease tracking and medical data management, medical supplies and drug traceability, but also contributes to the accurate management and dynamic monitoring of social movements in the context of the community’s disease control process. In the context of cross-regional information trust and collaboration to break the information divide in the medical field, the sector chain technology has a natural advantage.
區塊鏈+公益慈善：讓數據更透明隱私更安全
chain > + public good philanthropy: making data more transparent and privacy safer
公益慈善是一個天然多方參與的領域，其中，公益組織面臨著高效率且公平地分配巨量前線物資的難題﹔捐贈者難以點對點准確地捐給受捐主體，無法了解每一筆捐贈款或物資的去向﹔公眾若缺乏有效監督途徑，容易導致信任缺失。
Charitableism is a natural multi-participating domain in which public interest organizations face the challenge of efficiently and equitably distributing large amounts of frontline goods; donors are unable to contribute precisely to the donor community and are unable to understand the whereabouts of each donation or asset; and the lack of effective oversight by the public can lead to a loss of trust.
區塊鏈技術可以建立一套公開透明可追溯的系統，這個系統裡面捐贈方和受贈方可以對每一筆款項的始末進行查詢。信息可以包括發放的次數，以及使用方式，落實到每一個環節。當區塊鏈技術將所有的捐贈信息上鏈，這樣一套系統可以有效的降低分歧，提高效率。區塊鏈技術核心價值之一便是其分布式結構，這可以提高效率、簡化流程。就此次疫情而言，區塊鏈技術讓捐贈物資來去更明晰，同時也有利於提高公眾參與度。
Block chain technology can create a publicly accessible, transparent and retrospective system in which donors and recipients can check the beginning and end of each item. Information can include the number of releases, as well as the manner in which they are used, to reach each circle. The local chain technology can link all donor information to the chain, so that the system can effectively reduce differences and improve efficiency. One of the core value of the block chain technology is its distributional structure, which can improve efficiency and streamline processes. In the case of the epidemic, the chain technology allows donor resources to be made clearer and, at the same time, has the advantage of increasing public participation.
在知名區塊鏈技術研發公司Findora建立的區塊鏈系統平台上，數據將被加密傳輸，不會被任何人濫用。例如，紅十字會可以保証自身的透明公開性，同時捐贈方和受贈方又獲得了隱私保護，在第三方或公眾需要審查時又可通過零知識証明等技術審計數據，那麼做善事則不會暴露隱私。其中，審計工具可以讓捐贈方能檢索到私有數據，即使低調做好事，也可以隨時上鏈查詢自己的保密數據。
For example, the Red Cross can guarantee its own transparency and openness, while donors and recipients are afforded privacy protection, and use technical and forensic data such as zero knowledge and evidence when a third party or the public is in need of review, so that good things are not exposed. In this case, the tool allows donors to access private data and, even if it is low-key, to check their confidential data.
區塊鏈+疫情預警：讓疫情監控預警更及時
據了解，早在2008年4月，中國在全國31個省（直轄市、自治區）運行國家傳染病自動預警系統，建立自動預警與響應機制，並實現了對39種傳染病監測數據自動分析、時空聚集性實時識別、預警信號發送和響應結果實時追蹤等功能，上報方式也從傳統的人工上報逐步發展到信息化和IT化上報模式。
It is known that, as early as April 2008, China had operated a national automatic warning system for communicable diseases in 31 provinces throughout the country (directly administered municipalities and autonomous districts), established a system of automatic warning and response mechanisms, and realized the functions of auto-analysis of 39 surveillance data for infectious diseases, time and space-convening real-time recognition, alert dispatch and response tracking, as well as the gradual evolution of reporting from traditional manual reporting to informatization and IT reporting patterns.
各級疾病預防控制中心可以在區塊鏈系統中注冊節點，將傳統的“傳染病上報系統”垂直上報模式平面化，為疫情信息傳達加速預警。當單個醫院發現疑似疫情的病例之后，將信息上傳至鏈上進行全網播報，由於區塊鏈公開透明、數據不可篡改和可追溯的特性，各個節點都能夠在第一時間獲取准確的上報信息，減少信息傳播的時間和誤傳可能性。通過統一的信息預警平台，防疫中心可以對疫情做到實時獲取、實時預防，克服傳統疫情的滯后性。
When a single hospital discovers a suspected case, the information is uploaded to the chain for full web coverage, with transparent, non-alterable and retraceable features of the chain, and each can be accurately reported at the first time, reducing the timing and potential for miscommunication. Through a unified information alert platform, the information centre can take care of the epidemic in real time, prevent it and overcome the effects of the epidemic.
區塊鏈+行程監控：讓人員隔離更有效率
據統計，截至二月中旬，節后全國發送旅客近3億人次，受疫情影響，僅為春運客流的六分之一。然而此次疫情對交通更大的挑戰是疫情期間車輛管理不完善，大量旅客車輛滯留外地，各地如何有效識別車輛和監控人員流動成為難點。
By mid-February, nearly 300 million passengers were sent across the country, affected by the epidemic, only one-sixth of the spring passenger flow. However, the larger challenge to traffic was the poor management of vehicles during the epidemic, the large number of passenger vehicles left behind, and the difficulty of effectively identifying vehicles and monitoring the movement of people everywhere.
在萬物互聯時代，手機、App、公交卡等等都在採集人們的隱私數據，通過這些數據可以輕易的確定一個人的行程路線，但在整合數據的過程中可能會涉及到隱私泄露的問題。
In the interconnectivity era, mobile phones, Apps, public transport cards, etc. are gathering personal data that can easily identify a person's travel route, but may involve private disclosure in the process of integrating the data.
如何保護個人隱私安全的同時，又能夠讓人們自願如實上報自己的行程，從而保証能夠高效准確的找到疑似感染人群？
How can the privacy of individuals be protected while allowing people to report their journeys voluntarily and ensure efficient and accurate identification of suspected infected populations?
針對這一問題，通過區塊鏈和密碼學中的零知識証明等技術，可以篩查比對每個人與確診患者行程交集，同時確保用戶個人隱私數據安全。據了解，採用區塊鏈存証的做法將用戶的行程信息上鏈，還能避免信息被篡改，在面臨醫療資源短缺的情況下，可以有效避免部分人偽造個人行程以換取優先權。通過將密碼學技術與區塊鏈結合，可以將現有的“確診患者同乘查詢”擴展到更大范圍、更多渠道。
In response to this problem, through techniques such as zero knowledge evidence in sector chains and cryptography, it is possible to compare the journeys of each person and the patient, and to ensure the personal security of the user. It is understood that the use of block chains to record the user's travel information, and to avoid tampering with information, in the face of a shortage of medical resources, it is possible to effectively avoid some artificial falsifications of personal travel in order to obtain priority. By combining password techniques with a block, it is possible to extend the existing “definitives with search” to a wider range and more channels.
在大數據和人工智能的協作下，區塊鏈技術通過多區域數據共享，為車輛與人員的精確管理提供了有效的解決方案，做到疫情防控的有效監控。
Through multi-area data sharing, the sector chain technology provides an effective solution to the precise management of vehicles and personnel, and effective surveillance of disease prevention and control, in collaboration with large data and artificial intelligence.
區塊鏈+醫療數據共享：讓疫情防控更透明
一月疫情開始之初，由於各個醫院之間的數據流通遲緩，患者數據統計不及時，對疫情的判斷和收治工作產生了很大的影響，各個醫院醫療機構出現了典型的數據孤島的問題，利用區塊鏈技術建立一套高效共享的數據網絡，將極大的提高疫情統計效率。通過共享救治病人的數據，可以幫助醫療機構救治能力互補，更好的實現救治任務。 At the beginning of the epidemic in January, due to the slow flow of data between hospitals, the lateness of patient statistics, which has had a significant impact on the diagnosis and treatment of the epidemic, the typical problem of the island has arisen in the hospitals’ medical facilities, using the sector-link technology to create an efficient and shared data network that will greatly improve the effectiveness of the disease statistics. By sharing the data on the treatment of patients, it will help medical institutions to complement and better deliver their interventions.
醫療數據和我們的生命健康、個人財產直接相關，因此其隱私、安全、准確性就格外重要。結合零知識証明等前沿密碼學的區塊鏈可以保証區塊鏈原有特性的情況下同時有效保護醫療數據共享平台的數據的隱私安全。 Medical data are directly related to our health, our personal property, and therefore their privacy, safety, and accuracy are all the more important. A chain of front-line cryptography, such as a zero-knowledge proof, can guarantee the security of the privacy of the data of the health data-sharing platform at the same time as the original features of the chain.
在藥品以及其他醫療用品的供應鏈管理上，區塊鏈技術也將發揮巨大作用。從藥品的生產來源，到藥品最終到達患者手中，區塊鏈技術通過建立一個完全透明的數據庫，可實現全過程監控，且數據不可篡改。在這個過程中，藥品每一步的流轉都將被詳細記錄，有效保証的醫療用品的安全。 In the management of the supply chain for medicines and other medical supplies, the sector chain technology will also play a major role. From the origin of the drug to its ultimate arrival in the patient’s hands, the sector chain technology will make it possible to monitor the entire process by creating a fully transparent database, and the data will not be tampered with. In this process, every step of the flow of the drug will be documented in detail, so that the safety of the medical supplies will be effectively safeguarded.
區塊鏈誕生至今已經十余年，而區塊鏈在公益、醫療等其他公共事業上的應用實踐才剛剛起步。在這次抗擊新冠疫情的戰役中，區塊鏈技術的巨大潛能初現，雖然文中提到的一些技術還沒有被完全應用在我們的生活之中，但是已經讓我們看到了其在社會公共事業中發揮力量的希望。我們可以期盼，隨著區塊鏈技術的成熟，合理有效的利用區塊鏈技術將助力防治病毒、重建社會生活，為未來的公共服務，提供更好的服務。 More than a decade has passed since the birth of the chain, and the applications of the chain in other public services, such as public goods and medical care, have only just begun. During this battle against the new crown, the potential of the chain technology has emerged, although some of the techniques mentioned in the paper have not yet been fully applied to our lives, but they have shown us hope that it will be effective in the public sector of society. We can expect that, with the maturity of the chain technology, the rational and effective use of the chain technology will help to fight the virus, rebuild social life, and provide better services for the future.
(作者均為知名區塊鏈技術研發公司Findora分析師） The author is a well-known district chain technology research analyst, Findora.
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