21世纪经济报道记者 家俊辉 广州报道
Economic Reporter for the 21st Century, Jia Junhui, Guangzhou.
编辑：李伊琳
Editor: Lee Elin
针对虚拟货币交易炒作的新一轮打击开始。
A new round of blows against virtual currency transactions has begun.
9月24日，央行、银保监会等10部委联合发布《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》（下称“《通知》”）称，虚拟货币交易炒作活动近期抬头，扰乱经济金融秩序，滋生赌博、非法集资、诈骗、传销、洗钱等违法犯罪活动，严重危害人民群众财产安全。
On 24 September, 10 ministries, such as the Central Bank and the Superintendence of Silver Insurance, jointly issued a circular on further prevention and management of the risks associated with virtual currency transactions (hereinafter referred to as “the circular”) stating that the recent rise of virtual currency transactions has disrupted the economic and financial order and fostered illegal criminal activities such as gambling, illegal fund-raising, fraud, distribution and money-laundering, seriously endangering the property security of the population.
对此，央行有关负责人表示，为建立常态化工作机制，始终保持对虚拟货币交易炒作活动的高压打击态势，央行等部门结合新的风险形势，在总结前期工作经验的基础上，起草了《通知》。
In response, the heads of central banks said that, in order to establish a mechanism for regularizing the work, they had always maintained a high-pressure stance on the activities of virtual currency transactions. In the light of new risk situations, departments such as central banks had drawn up circulars based on a review of their previous work experience.
“我国对虚拟货币的监管政策是明确的、一贯的。”根据上述负责人介绍，《通知》再次强调具有非货币当局发行、使用加密技术、分布式账户或类似技术、以数字化形式存在等特点的虚拟货币，如比特币、以太币等，包括泰达币等所谓稳定币，均不具有与法定货币等同的法律地位，不能作为货币在市场上流通。
“Our policy on the regulation of virtual currencies is clear and consistent.” According to the above-mentioned officials, the Circular re-emphasizes that virtual currencies with characteristics such as non-monetary authority issuance, the use of encryption technology, distributed accounts or similar technologies, and their digital presence, such as bitcoin, tataco, and so-called stable currencies, including tada, do not have legal status equivalent to that of legal currency and cannot circulate as currencies on the market.
《通知》明确指出，虚拟货币兑换、作为中央对手方买卖虚拟货币、为虚拟货币交易提供撮合服务、代币发行融资以及虚拟货币衍生品交易等虚拟货币相关业务全部属于非法金融活动，一律严格禁止，坚决依法取缔；境外虚拟货币交易所通过互联网向我国境内居民提供服务同样属于非法金融活动。
The Circular clearly states that virtual currency-related operations such as virtual currency exchange, buying and selling virtual currency as a central counterparty, facilitating services for virtual currency transactions, financing the issuance of currency in currencies and trading in virtual money derivatives are all illegal financial activities, which are strictly prohibited and firmly prohibited by law; the services provided by the offshore virtual currency exchange to the residents of the country via the Internet are also illegal financial activities.
21世纪经济报道记者注意到，本次《通知》特别指出，要构建多维度、多层次的风险防范和处置体系，并对金融机构和非金融机构、互联网企业以及相关监管部门提出明确要求。
Economic Reporters for the 21st Century noted that the Circular specifically states that multi-dimensional, multi-layered risk prevention and disposal systems are to be constructed and that explicit requirements are to be made for financial and non-financial institutions, Internet enterprises and relevant regulatory authorities.
其中，《通知》要求，金融机构和非银行支付机构不得为虚拟货币相关业务活动提供账户开立、资金划转和清算结算等服务，不得将虚拟货币纳入抵质押品范围，不得开展与虚拟货币相关的保险业务或将虚拟货币纳入保险责任范围；互联网企业不得为虚拟货币相关业务活动提供网络经营场所、商业展示、营销宣传、付费导流等服务。
Among these, the Circular requires that financial institutions and non-bank paying agencies should not provide services such as account opening, transfer of funds and settlement of transactions related to virtual currency, that virtual currency should not be included in encumbrances, that insurance operations related to virtual currency should not be carried out or that virtual currency should be included in insurance liability; and that Internet enterprises should not provide services such as a network business place, business display, marketing promotion, payment stream, etc. for virtual currency-related operations.
对此，上述负责人表示，金融管理部门、网信部门、电信主管部门、公安部门、市场监管部门密切协作，从切断支付渠道、依法处置相关网站和移动应用程序、加强相关市场主体登记和广告管理、依法打击相关非法金融活动等违法犯罪行为等方面综合施策，有关行业协会加强会员管理和政策宣传，全方位防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险。
In this regard, the above-mentioned officials indicated that the financial administration, the network services, the telecommunications authorities, the public security services and the market regulatory agencies work closely together to provide comprehensive advice on the closing of payment channels, the handling of related websites and mobile applications in accordance with the law, the strengthening of the registration and advertising management of relevant market subjects, the suppression of related illegal financial activities in accordance with the law, and the strengthening of member management and policy advocacy by the relevant industry associations, and the prevention and handling of risks associated with virtual currency transactions in all their aspects.
此外，根据《通知》，上述负责人表示，将建立部门协同、央地联动的常态化工作机制，并加强对虚拟货币交易炒作风险的监测预警。
In addition, in accordance with the circular, the above-mentioned officials indicated that they would establish a mechanism for working on the regularization of departmental synergies, which would be linked to the continent, and would strengthen the monitoring and early warning of risks associated with virtual currency transactions.
事实上，一直以来，我国对比特币等虚拟货币交易炒作活动都保持着高压打击态势。早在2013年12月3日，央行等五部委就发布《关于防范比特币风险的通知》，明确比特币不具有法定货币地位；2017年9月4日，央行又联合原银监会、原保监会等部门发布《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》，指导各地集中取缔173家平台，此后始终保持监管高压态势。今年5月21日，国务院金融稳定发展委员会明确要求，“打击比特币挖矿和交易行为”。
As early as 3 December 2013, five ministries, including the Central Bank, issued a circular on protection against the risk of bitcoin, making it clear that bitcoin does not have legal monetary status; and on 4 September 2017, the Central Bank, in conjunction with the former Banking Commission, the former Insurance Commission, and others, issued a bulletin on protection against the risk of financing the issuance of coins, which guided the concentration of 173 platforms in various parts of the country, and has since maintained high-pressure control. On 21 May this year, the State Council's Financial Stability Development Committee explicitly called for “combating against bitcoin mining and trading”.
同一天，发改委、工信部、公安部等10部门联合发布《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》，明确要求加强虚拟货币“挖矿”活动上下游全产业链监管，严禁新增虚拟货币“挖矿”项目，加快存量项目有序退出。具体而言，禁止新增虚拟货币“挖矿”项目报装接电，严格用电报装业务审核，不得以任何名义向虚拟货币“挖矿”企业供电，在办申请的报装项目一律停止办理。严格落实电力业务许可制度，严禁以网前供电、拉专线等方式对新建虚拟货币“挖矿”项目的企业供电。加强用电报装业务监管，通过“双随机、一公开”等方式开展抽查核实。严禁对新建虚拟货币“挖矿”项目提供财税金融支持。严禁地方政府、金融机构和非银行支付机构等以财税、金融等任何形式支持新建虚拟货币“挖矿”项目。对政府主导的产业园区，不允许引入新的虚拟货币“挖矿”项目。
On the same day, the CDRC, the Ministry of Industry and Communications, the Ministry of Public Security and other 10 departments issued a joint circular on the regulation of the “mining” of virtual currency activities. It explicitly called for the strengthening of the chain of command of the entire industrial chain of virtual currency “mining” activities up and down, the banning of new virtual currency “mining” projects, and the acceleration of the orderly withdrawal of stock projects. Specifically, the introduction of new virtual currency “mining” projects is prohibited.
此前，多位业内人士在接受21世纪经济报道记者采访时也呼吁，整治虚拟货币挖矿与交易乱象刻不容缓。
Prior to that, a number of practitioners, in an interview with the 21st Century Economics Reporter, had also called for an immediate end to the vagaries of virtual currency mining and trading.
在招联金融首席研究员董希淼看来，买卖或使用比特币等虚拟货币，可能存在市场、交易、技术、合规等四大风险。一是市场风险。就目前来看，进入交易市场的比特币等虚拟货币规模有限，容易给投资者制造一种“奇货可居”的错觉，极易被少数机构投资者或个人影响和控制。二是交易风险。不少投资者往往抱着一夜暴富的心态，交易杠杆通常会放大到5倍甚至更高，在价格波动较大的情况下，投资者交易风险巨大。三是技术风险。虚拟货币交易平台的抗风险能力是否能匹配交易量的迅猛增加、所依靠的区块链等技术是否能经受安全性的考验等，都是虚拟货币交易市场所面临的突出问题。四是合规风险。由于虚拟货币具有高度匿名性、去中心化发行等特点，已经成为洗钱、贩毒、走私、非法集资等违法犯罪活动的载体，交易不但不受法律保护，还触碰法律底线和红线。此外，与其他金融诈骗一样，虚拟货币交易平台跑路现象时有发生。比特币之外的形形色色“空气币”，更是充斥着庞氏骗局和各种谎言。
There are four main risks to the market, transactions, technology, and compliance, in the opinion of the United Nations Chief Financial Researcher, namely, the purchase, sale or use of virtual currencies such as bitcoins. Market risks are, for the time being, limited size of virtual currencies, such as bitcoins, entering the trading market, making it easier to create a “surpassable” illusion for investors to be influenced and controlled by a small number of institutional investors or individuals.
他建议，下一步，金融管理部门应加大对虚拟货币非法挖矿和交易活动的打击力度，维护好正常的经济金融秩序，为我国数字人民币正式推出创造更好的环境。对非法参与虚拟货币交易、炒作或为之提供支持服务的机构、平台，应联合司法部门及时处置，提高违法违规成本，增加整治活动威慑力。对比特币挖矿项目，各地应进行全面清理、及时关停。同时，应进一步加强和改进投资者教育，增强教育的针对性和有效性，提高普通投资者对虚拟货币的风险识别和防范能力。投资者应充分认识比特币等虚拟货币的本质和风险，经受住诱惑，保护好钱包，不参与任何形式的交易、炒作活动。
He suggested that, as a next step, financial administrations should step up their fight against illicit mining and trading activities in virtual currencies, maintain a normal economic and financial order, and create a better environment for the official roll-out of our digital renminbi. Institutions and platforms that are involved illegally in virtual currency transactions, campaigning or providing support services for them should be dealt with jointly with the judiciary in a timely manner, raising the cost of violations and increasing the deterrent effect of remediation activities. The Bitcoin mining project should be completely cleaned up and shut down in all parts of the country. At the same time, investor education should be further strengthened and improved, making education more relevant and effective, increasing the risk identification and protection of virtual currencies by ordinary investors.
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